Annual of the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje
The Annual of the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje is an international peer-reviewed journal, published by the Faculty of Philosophy at the Sts. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje.The journal publishes one issue per year and is one of the oldest national scientific publications, published since 1948. It publishes original and review scientific papers, expert contributions, presentations at conferences and books, summaries of doctor's dissertations, commemorations of significant anniversaries, etc.
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Philosophy
In memoriam проф. Душица ПЕТРУШЕВСКА (1920 - 2008)
Тивко и ненаметливо како што живееше во Скопје почина Душица Петрушевска, класичен филолог и универзитетски професор на Филозофскиот факултет по предметите Историја на Стара Грција и Рим кои ги држеше пред студентите на катедрите за историја и класична филологија. Универзитетската кариера ja започнува на Катедрата за историја при Филозофскиот факултет на која останува cè до своето заминување во пензија. Проф. Душица Петрушевска, е родена 1920 година во Белград. Завршува класична гимназија со одличен успех, a дипломирала 1945 година, на Катедрата за класична филологија на Филозофскиот факултет во Белград. По ослбодувањето, заедно со својот сопруг Михаил Д. Петрушевски, доаѓа во Македонија каде што истовремено почнуваат да ги обавуваат своите универзитетски и гимназиски должности.
Copyright (c) 2008 Miodrag M. Todorović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Виолета ПЕТРОСКА-БЕШКА, Оценување со шестови на знаење, Филозофски факултет, Скопје, 2007, 107 стр.
Книгата Оценување со тестови на знаење ce состои од седум поглавја, секое со по неколку обработени поднаслови. Во првото поглавје, насловено Тестовите на знаење како метод на оценување, авторката ги образложува функциите на оценувањето, како и релацијата меѓу оценувањето, поучувањето и учењето. Понатаму, ce презентира улогата на те- стовите на знаење во наставата и нивната поврзаност со наставните цели и когнитивните процеси дефинирани со Блумовата таксономија на когни- тивни цели во наставата. Следното поглавје е посветено на правење дистинкција меѓу различните видови тестови на знаење според три усвоени критериуми на поделба. Видовите тестови ce прегледно споредени во однос на неколку стандардни карактеристики, a дискутирани ce и нивните предности и недостатоци.
Copyright (c) 2008 Nikolina Kenig https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROFESIONALISATION OF THE EUROPEAN ARMIES
Collective defence against the new forms of imperilment to the security in the world has impered the need of forming units for fast intemention, bigger mobility on the battlefield, trained and equiped personnel for performing a wider spectar of scenarios,as well as logistic independence. In order to be able to answer the new challenges, european armies have encountered deep reforms, meaning modernisation and profesionalisation of whole armies or their specific units. In endeavour to lower the expences, the contries have reduced their armies, but with certain balance for conveying the national defence function. The need for building forces which would participate in NATO- operations has forced them into creating small, but competent units which are utterly expensive. Therefore, the preparations for membership, as the membership itself, is diminishing their ability of independent defence. Reducing european armies is, in fact, reducing the number of soldiers (or abolishing the military obligation), and making the professional component augmented. The reformed european armies are continuously working on improving their abilities in order to fully correspond the diverse types of military organisations which are now required and with which they can participate in the Alliance because of dividing the parts, risks and responsabilities.
Copyright (c) 2008 Zorica Saltirovska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
JUVENILES AS SUBJECTS OF DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR AND THEIR CRIMINALLY LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY HERE, IN EUROPE AND IN THE WORLD
In the research, information is presentedfor the situation of the jm’eniles who has done criminal acts here in Europe and also in some other countries abroad. In addition, criteria is given for limiting the age limit for existing guilty for the abovementioned juveniles, as well as the sense and the meaning of the upper and lower limit. Also, the difference in certain legislations is presented about the fixing of the upper and lower age limit for the existing responsibility for the committed crime. In the research, the jurisdiction of the judicial authorities as well as the authorities for social protection is explained. The possibilities in certain countries are presented for applying positive law regulations for juveniles who has done criminal acts at young majors.
Copyright (c) 2008 Zoran Kitkanj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL EFICIENTNOST IN CHILDREN WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
On the last several years, it is evidently the attention that is dedicated to the maximal use of the rest of the vision at the children with visual impediment. Although this not a new approach to the work with these children, it is without doubt the opposite of the attitude that overruled on the past, that is that these children should n it use the rest of their vision. The process of visual development is spontaneous, but in case of impairment of any part of the visual system brings to problems that can not be overcome without learning “how to see ", that is without rehabilitation of the vision. The 60s of the last century was a period when appeared the first paper that lanced the even the so-called "blind" children can successfully use the rest of the vision; they can achieve to read even the black letters. The goal of this article is to present the data of the research for the several programs that are used for development of visual efficiency of the children with visual impairment.
INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL VISION
Copyright (c) 2008 Daniela Dimitrova-Radojichikj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ESTIMATION OF MOTOR AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AT PERSONS WITH CEREBRAL PALSY AND PERSONS WITH MILD MENTAL RETARDATION
The development of special education and rehabilitation provided significant corrections in the methodological approach of the work with disabled children and adolescents. This brought changes in the classical and the traditional point of view of their education and rehabilitation. The traditional approach classifies disabled children in specific categories. Basically; children belonging to the same category are very similar, e.g. they have more similarities than differences. The newest research in the special education and rehabilitation shows that children belonging to the same category, mutually differ more, and the group by itself is heterogeneous. This knowledge brought significant change in the methodological approach of the work with disabled children and adolescents. The goal of our research in this field is to develop and to define methodology> for estimation of the residual abilities at the persons with disabilities. Based on this estimation individual programs for education and rehabilitation will be prepared. The particular goal in this research is to estimate residual abilities at persons with cerebral palsy disability and persons with mild mental retardation.
Copyright (c) 2008 Natasha Chichevska-Jovanova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
АУТИЗМОТ И МИТОХОНДРИЈАЛНАТА ДИСФУНКЦИЈА
Autistic disorder can be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction (MtD). In many cases of autism, there is evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction without the classic features associated with mitochondrial disease. However; routine metabolic screening and mitochondrial functional studies required for the diagnosis of mitochondrial disease are rarely performed for patients with autism, and the hypothesis of an etiological link between autism and mitochondrial dysfunction has therefore not been properly assessed. MtD appears to be more common in autism and presents with less severe signs and symptoms. Exposure to environmental toxins is the likely etiology for MtD in autism. MtD dysfunction contributes to a number of language deficits, abnormal energy metabolism, chronic gastrointestinal problems, abnormalities in fatty’ acid oxidation, and increased oxidative stress. MtD and oxidative stress may also explain the high male to female ratio found in autism due to increased male vulnerability to these dysfunctions. Nutritional supplementation to decrease oxidative stress along with factors to improve reduced glutathione, as well as hyperbaric oxygen therapy represent supported and rationale approaches. There is a need for reliable laboratory markers to detect abnormalities of mitochondrial function, which will then facilitate further clinical investigations in this subgroup of children with autism.
Copyright (c) 2008 Vladimir Trajkovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
УЛОГАТА НА ОБУКИТЕ ВО СТЕКНУВАЊЕ ГО НА КОМПЕТЕНЦИИ ЗА ПОМАГАТЕЛНA ДЕЈНОСТ
The lack of information concerning the social skills at students from helping professions (psychologists, social workers, pedagogues and special educators) is a very big problem. Students, as future experts in the helping professions, have to communicate appropriately with the people, community and social services and institutions for being successful in their job and relations with their clients. The results from the focus groups and data from the tree questionnaires are showing that the quality and the quantity of the educations during the studies are significant factor in building competences for psychosocial work. The obtained results can not be generalized to all helping professions because of the sample limitation, but they are significant for seeing the current state in regards of the researched characteristics and building a strategy for their improvement in the future experts in helping professions. At the same time, the results present a significant indicator that confirms the idea of redesigning the current study programs that would provide opportunities for the present students to get the needed competencies for providing their professional success.
Copyright (c) 2008 Sofija Arnaudova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Crisis management and conflict prevention, have been major themes in the continuing transformation of the Alliance after the Cold War. In the new circumstances there are new possibility for the successful early management of crises. NATO's preparedness to carry out crisis management operations, usualy includes the participation of NATO's Partners and that makes full use of partnership, cooperation and dialogue and NATOs conection to other organizations to help in preventing crises or defusing them at early stage. According to Washington Treaty, NATO has been managed the crisis and prevented conflicts since its begining. With the drasticall change of the security environment, the types of crises which allies have agreed should manage and the types of conflicts to prevent, also changed drastically The term NATO crisis management has also evolved. A key need of a NATO's crisis management system, is the power to manage with crises throughout the entire crisis variety. It includes the period of stability and peace before crisis as well as all levels of crisis. NATO has built a spectrum of general elements to help crisis management and conflict prevention: personal and objects; arrangements and procedures; and measures. For timely response to a crises, NATO concluded that it is very important to have prepeared a variety of different activities in place so that they do not have to be formed on an ad-hoc basis for each new potencial or actuel crisis.
Copyright (c) 2008 Sergej Cvetkovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Over the past two decades, terrorist organizations have increasingly relied on suicide attacks to achieve political objectives. The specific goal sought in almost all suicide terrorist campaigns in modern history is the same: to compel a democratic state to withdraw combat forces fi^om territory prized by the terrorists. Understanding that suicide terrorism is mainly a response to foreign occupation rather than a product of Islamic fundamentalism has important implications for how the U.S. government should conduct the war on terrorism.
Copyright (c) 2008 Tanja Miloshevska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WESTERN border area: MOVEMENT AND ETHNIC CHARACTERISTIC OF THE POPULATION
This study elaborates determined statistics concerning the movement and the ethnic and geographic characteristics of the population of the discussed municipalities from the western part of the Republic of Macedonia, whose territories partially or completely belong to the border area. The data has been presented and analyzed for each municipality, according to the information from the census in 1994 and old territorial map from 1996 and census in 2002 and new administrative territorial division from 2004. Although there is information about the population of the Republic of Macedonia, what lacks is a concrete analysis concerning the statistics about the movement and the ethnic structure of the population in the municipalities, according to the existing territorial division. The analyses of the population from different aspects including the strategic and geopolitics are very important.
Copyright (c) 2008 Toni Mileski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COORDINATION OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
National security system of the United Kingdom is in great extent determined by the specifics of the very political system, by the historic circumstances, but also by the need to create a system which will be in function of protecting the countiy from contemporaiy risks and threats. The issues in the area of national defense in the United Kingdom are confined to the Queen, the Parliament and the Government with its cabinet. The three elements that constitute the legislative body, namely the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons have been formed based on different principles. They rarely meet together and their meetings have symbolic significance. However, among these three elements, there is coordination, because it is required by the legislation, according to which all decisions should be first presented in front of the Queen.
Copyright (c) 2008 Oliver Bakreski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The European Union is an attractive and significant economic, political and international phenomenon. In other words, it is considered as unique and successful experiment of the international cooperation among large number of European countries and unique form of contemporary governing. It is obvious that today it is an economic and political organization, which in terms of structure, incorporates the past and the prezent. Or, more precisely, the thing called EU is actually mixture of many separate organizations and institutions, which have been establishing in a period of more than six decades. In this sense, today, the structure of the European Union is presented through three pillars. From the aspect of crises management, this study analyses the Second Pillar or the Common Foreign and Security Policy. In this regards and first of all, the research in this study is aimed to the analyses of the European Security and Defence Policy, which was actually established to enable EU to have more general role in the international military and civilian crises management. Secondly, to the implementation of the European Security and Defense Policy, which prove its ability and structure in the implementation in three ways: through developing capacities for engaging the military crises management; through establishing structures for management of the civilian aspects of the crises management and through creation of instruments and mechanisms for engaging the EU in conflicts prevention. As a conclusion, this analysis indicates that in a veiy short period EU developed an operative and civilian crises management capacity. It was proved by the four crises management operations, which, on the other side, has proved the operation of the European Security and Defense Policy as a positive and insructive experience.
Copyright (c) 2008 Marina Mitrevska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HÏSTORICAL-COMPARÀTÏVE ANALYSIS OF INTELLIGENCE-SECURITY COMMUNITIES OF ALBANIA AND ROMANIA IN THE ERA OF COMMUNISM
The purpose of this study is to compose comparative analysis of two identical intelligence-security systems that were functioning in Albania and Romania in the era of communism. In the focus of this research are two most malicious services, which operated as classical secret political police, services that used identical crude methods-Sigurimi and Securitate. Both services represent blast fist of the most repressive totalitarian communist regimes in the role of realization ofpolitics of both greatest and malicious communist dictators (out of borders of SSSR)-Enver Hoga and Nikolae Causesku. Their politics of creation of “internal enemy ” and uncompromised struggle with the same, from their domination, made Sigurimi and Securitate to transform in “state in state”, to become wild and to realize unseen torture upon own nation. With their uncontrolled policies and politics power they made from their states to create the largest “camps” in the world. Every similarity for their end also tells for match of there “communist dictate”, but on the confraiy, for theirs hate from own people. Every similarity with Albanian security model in the time of ruling of Albanian and Romanian communist dictator is “random ”, as random as is identical their end and ending of their secret polices.
Copyright (c) 2008 Mitko Kotovcevski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UNIFICATION OF POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SECURITY SYSTEMS, CHALLENGE FOR PEACE AND SECURE ON CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
Today, we advert to globalization very often, like a modern and general process, that refers on every field in life. Namely, the globalization is equally political, economic, technological and cultural phenomenon. The globalization is a process for spreading and deepening society relations and institutions in spacious and time dimension. It is a process, which connects the world on all basics; creates bigger interdependence and comprises processes on progressively unifications of all systems at the states. Actually, the process of globalization is composed by many political, economics, cultural, securities and socials phenomenon. These phenomenons 's increasing the interaction between the states and the society, from day to day, making the world civilization much global, much connected, unformatted, transparent and much available for more citizens. This work, which we represent in public, is a result of last analysis of political, economical and securities systems in the states that had began because of globalization process, and they also refers to Republic of Macedonia.
Copyright (c) 2008 Trajan Gocevski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE APPEARANCE OF THE PERISTYLE AS AN ELEMENT OF THE ANTIQUE HOUSE
The most important element of the ancient houses was the inner courtyard and the rooms were usually arranged around it. In the closing years of the fifth century > BC certain innovations were made in the houses: the courtyard acquired a peristyle. These peristyles had formed the central courtyard of Hellenistic houses like those preserved at Delos and Priena. The peristyle derives from Greek public architecture. When transplanted to roman houses they become articulated gardens, located whenever possible on the atrium axis in order to extend to the maximum the long view from the central door. The only limit on the luxury of the peristyle was the owneres purse. These spaces housed new rituals of pleasure and self presentation made possible not only by wealth but also by the architects who emigrated from the devastated east. The roman houses in the Republic of Macedonia are characterized by a central peristyle with burgeoning vegetation and richly decorated fountains, which pleased the ear and offered refreshment. The great achievement of the peristyle was that it brought the garden right inside the house. Need for elegance is explicitly linked to position in the hierarchical rank. The disappearance of the Roman peristyle house, says S. Ellis, marks the end of the ancient world and its way of life.
Copyright (c) 2008 Dafina Gerasimovska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CELTES IN MACEDONIA - ACCORDINS TO THE ARCH AEOLOGICAL DATA
Based on the written historical sources numerous events in the last 3 centuries of the first millennium before Christ are related to the Celtic presence in Macedonia, Unfortunately; so far, archaeology has not given a more serious thought to this, equivalent to the importance and role of these events. Only couple of notes about certain Latene elements in the local culture are made, just to marc the main communication lines as regions for spreading such elements through the Macedonia (Gustin 1984, Abb. 30; Bitrakova-Grozdanova 1987, 77-78,T-V; Miknlcic 1999,119). During the last years some more comprehensive research, primarily of the settlements along Vardar Valley, dating from that period, were realised. So, we have some new evidence about the type and character of the Celtic presence in Macedonia. The penetration of Brennos ’ Celts in the invasion of Delphi, year 279 BC, through Macedonia mostly, of course along the valley of Vardar - as a main communication in the direction north-south - is indisputable Sources emphasise the horrible consequences from the Celtic invasion in the regions through which they passed and the fact that they left lasting desolation behind them. Exactly this is the image offered to us by the so far discovered archaeological situations from that time along the valley of Vardar, as in the Upper Vardar or Skopje region or in the Lower Vardar or Valandovo-Gevgelia Region. Almost all of the multi-layered settlements, those with longer and more enduring life through the previous periods, die out somewhere around the first decades of the 3 century BC. This is the situation through the whole Vardar Valley. For the Skopje Region, for a long time it was considered that the ending of the life of the early-antique settlements should be related to the penetration of the Dardanians and their settling in the vicinity of Skopje towards the beginning of the 3 century. But, not only was the Dardanian culture from this period not discovered in the Skopje Valley, but there are also no archaeological findings, neither from the 3nl nor from the 2nd century before Christ. The region was completely depopulated until establishing of the Roman Colonia of Skupi. In the last decades, 3 pre-Roman settlements have been researched: Isar - Marvinci, Gloska Chuka - Grchishte and Vardarski Rid - Gevgelia (Skolovska 1986; Mitrevski and other 2005). All of these are multi-layered, with a continuous usage throughout the entire first millennium before Christ. In the centuries before the Roman dominion these had the character of real cities. On all three locations living in so-called classical settlements from the 5"’ and 4"' century before Christ may be clearly distinguishedfivm the following, more recent settlement, which existedfrom the second half of the 3n{ through the 2nd until the T centu/y before Christ. Eveiywhere the end of the „ classical„ living was marked by forceful destructions ofa given settlement somewhere in the first decades of the 3-centuiy before Christ. Above its mins, after a while, a new settlement was erected\ of a new - Hellenistic type, with a completely new urbanisation, new building techniques and new material culture. This is most evident on Vardarski Rid (Mifrevski 2005, 16- 88). These, elder Celtic raids undoubtedly had a robbery character and after Alexander 's campaign to East, Macedonia was veiy suitable for that. Many hoards of heavy silver coins discovered in Macedonia, which was sheltered in front of the Celtic danger are the best illustration, not only about economic power of Macedonian towns, but also about the primarily Celtic interest in Macedonia. This will probably canalize Celts, for a long time toward the wealthy but politically weak Macedonia. There from, the possibilities that the many silver finds in Danube region could easily be a result of the melted and secondaiy used Macedonian silver, for massive Celts jewellery and tools (Jeftic and other 2006; Jeftic 2007,10-11). The same applies to the later - Scordisc raids, with the difference that their presence in this region was longer. As military presence it is manifested by many historically marked battles in Macedonia and much more archaeological finds on same strategic points as Gradishte-Nerezi near Skopje or Gloska Chuka near Valandovo. In any case, this Scordisco- dacian presence in Macedonia has to be treat as a separate page in the cultural and historical development of Macedonia and deserves greater archaeological attention.
Copyright (c) 2008 Dragi Mitrevski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WHO WAS THE BEARER OF THE SIX-SPIKED MORNING STAR FROM VODOCHA?
In grave 295 from the complex Vodocha Churches in the village of Vodocha near Strumica, burial artifacts have been discovered that represent a rarity not only for this necropolis, but also for the Republic of Macedonia. The deceased had been buried with a morning star, having an iron head with characteristic six spikes, which was placed next to his right shoulder, as well as with a silver ring on his right index finger that bore a seal marking his lineage (Fig. 2-4). During the Medieval and post-Medieval period, the morning star was a popular weapon. At the same time, because it resembled a sceptre, it symbolized the high social status of its bearer. This has also been confirmed in the epic poetry cycle about the mythical hero Krali Marko. By its shape and seal, the ring from grave 295 has been brought into connection with the markings of the knightly order of the dracon, formed by the Hungarian king in 1408. The order was noted in the Balkan countries (also in Macedonia) during the 15th century and in later references among the archaeological materials found in the following century (Maneva 2007, cat. no. 46; Maneva, 2007/j, 383-395). The decadent styling of the ring from grave 295 (Fig. 4) may suggest a later date of manufacture (after the middle of the 15th century), while the great damage to it signifies long-term use by several generations of heirs, so that the ring may have made it to the grave by the end of the 15th or the 16th century at the earliest. The bearer of the morning star and the ring from grave 295 was a young male. He was buried with these artifacts-insignia as a descendant of renowned Christian gentry, most probably from the class of lesser nobility (the medieval proniar). These families, even during the Turkish Ottoman period, had at their disposal inheritable estates called „ bashti- ni “ (heritages), andfrom their lines „ voynuk-i “ (soldiers) were recruited who were duty-bound to join the Turkish army when called; every year this was done by another family member. In addition to this status, the ring on the right index finger shows that this man was also a member of the knightly order of the dracon. The existence of,, bashtinari “ (heirs to the estates) in Vodocha has been confirmed several times in the records of the Turkish census, where even their names have been listed. The archaeological findings from the Vodocha necropolis - the rings, above all, but also the other jewelry - reveal the crests and the emblems of renowned families, as well as the insignia of the knightly order of the dracon (Fig. 4-5).
Copyright (c) 2008 Elica Maneva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ι-E root *kyo-wo- or I-E. *kiH0-wo-, “in movement”, “to set in motion”
On the basis of the laryngeal theory, the author assumes that the I-E root *kyo-w-, “to set in motion,” derives from praeie. *kiHo-w-. The geminates ss- and the length of the vocal in -δ- in Gr. s(s)ötron and epi- ssôtron, that is, in the Mycenaean forms e-pi-zo-ta/ epi-kjota /: Gr. epi- ssötra, zo-wa/Kjo-wa/: Gr. S(s)öe result from the process of the palatalization of *CiHo->*Cyö- > Myc. kjö > Gr. *ssö, (cf. I-E *g"iHo-wo-> *g"yöwos > Gr. zö(w)os, Gr. prosöpon from *protyökм' - < I-E *proti- Hot). The author believes that, through palatalization and hypheresis, the Mycenaean personal name ra-wi-zo/Lawi-kjos / > Gr. *Lawis-ssos> Gr. Lao-ssos and a-no-zo-jo/Arno-kjoio/:*Arno-ssoio (gen.sg) < *Arno- kjos (cf. arnos ‘water’) derived from I-E root *kiHo-wo-, “to set in motion”.
In the Macedonian language, there is terminological imprecision in defining the term "Greek", especially in relation to the language, for which the developmental periods are not exactly marked, and their naming is not based on generally accepted categorizations. If there is some consistency in the designation of the language from the classical period, the same cannot be said for modern Greek, for which the form that refers to the entire historical existence of the language (or more often, to the period of antiquity) is used. This manuscript elaborates on such situations and, through comparative analysis, suggests considerations for their correction.
Copyright (c) 2008 Valerij Sofronievski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCHIVE EDUCATION - HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND CONTEMPORARY POSITIONS
The beginnings of the archive education, which chronologically can locate in the second half ofXVIH and XIX century, have a row of difficulties and angriness. In the text it is represented a sort cut of the development of the archive education in menu European construes (Italy, France, Holland and others), by witch is represented that many times and in the frames of one archive service there exists many models of education of the archivists, which have differences in the content, in the shape, the ways on which the programs have been performing, as like as the aims which are set up in the frames of the educational process. With the studies ’ development the archive is shaping theoretically, but and the archivists begging to search for its professional identity. In the second half of the XX century they came to such changes, when we have fast progress of the informational sciences, which affected to the archive structure, and also to the education. From this begins the redefinition of the profession, and also of the structure and the context of the archive education. The archive education suffers one total changes in the last two - three decades.
Copyright (c) 2008 Borche Ilievski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ONE EXAMPLE OF ORAL HISTORY FROM KOSTYR AREA
The oral history had a big tradition and roots at the Macedonian people in the Aegean part of Macedonia. The text maries of Manusha Sarova Kenkova are literate testimony about that how the Macedonian people in the Kostyr area were seeing the Macedonian revolutionaries and their struggle for liberation o f Macedonia from Turkish authority: The writer collected a great number of memories o f the Macedonians from Kostyr area about the famous revolutionaries from the southwest part of Aegean Macedonia: Lazar Pop Trajkov, Lazar Moskov, Mitre Vlaot, Pando Kljashev, Atanas Karshakov, but also, Macedonian folk songs with patriotic contents. This historian testimony is proof for the strong Macedonian national identity o f Macedonians in Aegean Macedonia at the end of XIX and the beginning o f XX century
Copyright (c) 2008 Nikola Zhezhov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REFLECTIONS ON THE THIRD CRUSADE ON POLOG
During the Third Crusade (1189–1192), in the interval from the first decade of December 1189 to the first half of January 1190, the north-western Macedonian region of Polog, part of Byzantium, was conquered by the Serbian grand župan Stephen Nemanja and incorporated into the newly established Serbian medieval state. After the Battle of Morava (autumn 1190), the victorious Byzantine forces restored Polog within the framework of Byzantium.
Copyright (c) 2008 Boban Petrovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE GREAT POWERS AND THE CREATION OF THE BALKAN STATES IN 19TH CENTURY
The role o f the Great European powers in the process of creation of the modern Balkan states in the 19'h century was indisputable. However we can not neglect the reason for their interference in the region and the establishing o f the new states. Nonetheless the fact that European powers were not inclined to weaken Ottoman Empire with ceasing parts of its territory, the situation in the region induced them to interfere. Serbian uprisings at the beginning of 19"' century were the first signs that some European powers would be induced or interested to intemene in the ottoman internal affairs. Although Serbian were the first who rised against Ottoman rule, the interest o f the Powers enabled Greeks to had first independent Christian state in 19,h century Balkan. The Bulgarian case was much interested. It is impossible to compare Bulgarian armed struggle against Ottoman rule with the Serbian and Greek uprisings. Bulgarian struggle was belated and very weak, but the Russian interest for Bulgarian lands was very strong. That was the main reason for creating modern Bulgarian State.
Copyright (c) 2008 Dalibor Jovanovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REVOLUTIONARY IDEA AND WORK OF DAME GRUEV UP TO THE CREATING OF IMRO (1890-1893)
Dame Gruev belonged to the young generation Macedonian intellectual workers which realized that liberation o f Macedonia is task of Macedonians themselves. This task needs creating of a revolutionary organization. This idea appearedfor the veiy first time, in Gruevs mind very early (1890), during his studying in Sofia. In that direction was forming o f Macedonian student society (MSS). However, working o f MSS was ceased in March 1891 because o f the arresting o f Dame Gruev elating with the assassination o f the Bulgarian minister o f finance, Christo Belchev. Immediately after his releasing Gruev went back in Macedonia where he started to work as a teacher, firstly in village of Smilevo and than in Prilep. In the meantime in Bitola he was attempting to form Teacher union on the revolutionary base. He was obsessed with the revolutionary idea during his stay, as a teacher, in Prilep. However owing to the conservative surroundings in Prilep unprepared to accept radical ideas, Gruev was forced to leave this Macedonian city. Few months later Gruev departed for Salonica (Thessaloniki) where on 23 October/ 4 November 1893 he placed the base of IMRO.
Copyright (c) 2008 Vancho Gjorgjiev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BYZANTINIAN MODEL FOR SOLUTION OF CONFLICTS
Under the term „ conflictu historians understood: dispute, struggle, quarrel, tragic conflict- clash with law’s or duties in which a human life fell; violent trial, armed conflict, war. Relating with the different notion of the conception of conflict, we can group the conflicts in several aspect: political and religious, internal and external In accordance with the belonging to the categoiy of the conflict, there were particular ways of the conflict s solution. There were different ways ofsolution of conflicts and its implementation, depending of the time and the interest of the government and international position. Analyzing the conflict’s state it is obvious the evolution of the way of work of the Byzantine diplomacy. Further we shall give several different models for solution of the conflicts. Religious conflicts were solved with the convocation of the Ecumenical Synod. Its decisions were obliged for all parties, including the Emperor. Those one who did not respect the decisions of Ecumenical Synod, were declaredfor apostates. In majority of the cases the state and the Church were on the same side. The conflicts with the Barbarians were solved with their colonization on Byzantine territory and their including within the framework of imperial army as a federate. It was not unusual a Byzantine tactic for directing Barbarians to wage war between themselves. In some cases of international conflict, Byzance implemented the model of,, buying“ of peace. If the enemy was powerful than Constantinople paid tax. On the contrary the enemy did the same. As a particular model for solution of the conflict was missionary directed towards Byzantine neighbors Arabs, Chazars, Moravians, Bulgars and Russians. A special model of the solution was political marriages. We give examples with Bulgaria and Serbia. With the political marriages Byzantine influence was spreading in the countries where Byzantine princesses were sending
Copyright (c) 2008 Aleksandar Atanasovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HISTORY - NEED BETWEEN THE PAST AND THE PRESENT TIME
This paper is animated from the existing denying the need of investigation and research the history in the past and nowadays. It discusses the theoretical polemics with the intellectual elite who sets the globalistic ideas over the national identity. Through the relation between the national identity and the historical legitimate the paper explains the need', use and the abuse of the history as an instrument to introduce particular political goals of groups, organizations, state and overstate structures.
Copyright (c) 2008 Violeta Achkoska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The world history after the World War II was marked with specific international relations. Many crises appeared in this period which could grow to a new world conflict. That was a global attempt to make a change in the relations of the powers. The destruction of the German armed forces brought radical changes in the relations between USSR and west democratic countries. With the destruction of the Germany, they destroyed their only enemy, who connect them during the war. The condition after the war indicated more the end of the war rafter than the beginning of the peace. The war alliance was replaced with the cold war, which come to the fore in the Berlin crisis, when the world was in front of the danger from the beginning of the new war.
Copyright (c) 2008 Margarita Peshevska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
APPENDIX TO THE CHRISTIAN TOPONYMY OF MACEDONIA. SETTLEMENTS WITH THE NAMES OF GOD/THEOS AND THE VIRGIN MOTHER OF GOD
Christianity has left deep roots in Macedonian history, and has had a great influence on the toponymy of Macedonia. A large number of Macedonian toponyms, in the Middle Ages and during the Ottoman rule, have a Christian origin, that is, they contain Christian elements. This is especially characteristic of settlements whose names are borrowed from Christianity. Among them, settlements with the names of the Creator-God/Theos, or derived from his name, deserve special attention. Such settlements are: Teovo, Bogomila, Pobozhje, Boži Grad, Bogacko, Bogovine, Bogdevo, Bogoselche, Božidol, Bogdanci and others. The Mother of God-Bogorodica was quite popular in Macedonia. Many settlements bore her name, or were derived from it. Settlements with the name of the Bogorodica are recorded in the area of ​​Delčevo, Kočani, Petrich, Melnik, Thessaloniki, Gevgelija, Hrupishta and others. A good portion of the recorded Christian settlements, under the same or slightly changed names, still exist today.
Copyright (c) 2008 Kosta Adzievski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SCHOOL FAILURE COROLLARY TO SOCIAL DROP-OUT BY POOR CHILDREN
In this paper we analyze the influence of school failure on social drop- out of poor children with a special stress on the problems and consequences of repeating the grades, dropout rate, and non comprised knowledge or skills for successful integration in the professional world. Social withdrawal corollary with school failure and comprise loneliness and depression. Furthermore, the fillings of insurance and/or social inhibition leads less inclusion in the real world and to school failure too. Therefore, child and young man can less improve skills for solving impersonal and interpersonal problems. Behavioral inhibition was challenged by interaction of biological, social factors and negative self esteem, which loneliness is result. By means of studying we want to show that reducing school failure specially for poor young people cannot be just one school ’s problem; the initiative has to came from the state, namely from the different sectors, not just educational, like health insurance, social security\ employment. The responsibility for academic achievement has to be shared by individual students, school, state public institutions and services as well as research organizations. The role of counseling service in reducing school failure is important too. There activities have to be interrelated[
Copyright (c) 2008 Orhideja Shurbanovska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0