Annual of the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje
The Annual of the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje is an international peer-reviewed journal, published by the Faculty of Philosophy at the Sts. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje.The journal publishes one issue per year and is one of the oldest national scientific publications, published since 1948. It publishes original and review scientific papers, expert contributions, presentations at conferences and books, summaries of doctor's dissertations, commemorations of significant anniversaries, etc.
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Philosophy
FEMINIST ETHICS -THE ANSWER TO ELITISM, SEXISM, AND GENDER-RELATED MORAL PATTERNS
The emergence of feminist ethics, as a new field in the framework of traditional western ethics, is a product of the efforts of those who support women’s rights and their liberation from all forms of domination and discrimination. They have renounced their voice through the women’s movement, known a feminist movement. In the “gillan offensive” for true equality between men and women in society, the activism of modern feminism from the 1960 ’s isn’t only directed at resolving and improving the women’s social status, but also at correcting the way to conceive the woman’s world, which predominates in social sciences. This work focuses on feminist ethics, in an attempt to audit, reformulate, i.e. to reconsider those aspects of the traditional western ethics, which underrate the moral experience of women. Utilizing a wide range of various ethical approaches and choices, this work shows the efforts of the feminists to cross the boundaries of morality created exclusively on male moral values, as well as their recognition and the equal status of women as a moral entity. Because the common goal of all feminist approaches towards ethics is to create equal gender ethics, a moral theory based on non-sexist moral principles, policies and practices, this work emphasizes the importance of feminist ethics, based on different ontological and epistemological assumptions, which instead of separating people with a superior, elitist attitude towards "the others", will join them in their mutual relations.
Copyright (c) 2010 Suzana Simonovska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually even the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. Neurodegeneration is estimated to start 20-30 years before clinical symptoms become apparent. The most common neuropathological feature of AD is the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid deposits that form plaques and cerebrovascular accumulations. AD is divided into familial and sporadic forms. AD is considered familial when more than one person in a family is affected, while sporadic refers to AD cases when no other cases have been seen in close family members. Almost all cases of sporadic AD are late-onset, while approximately 90% of familial AD is late-onset. Less than 10% of all AD cases are familial early-onset. Familial early-onset AD is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that inheritance of one mutant allele of APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2 almost always results in development of the disease. The most well established genetic risk factor for development of sporadic late-onset AD is inheritance of the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene. More than 300 genetic polymorphisms have been involved with AD, demonstrating that this condition is polygenic and with a complex pattern of inheritance. Effort has been made to seek therapies that could reduce Aß products by influencing APP processing. The most hopeful advance in the research for treatment of AD is the discovery of chemical compounds that show promise in reducing amyloid formation or reducing tau phosphorylation. There is still a long way between the huge amount of data gathered so far and the actual application toward the full understanding of AD, but the final goal is to develop precise tools for diagnosis and prognosis, creating new strategies for better treatments based on genetic profile.
Copyright (c) 2010 Vladimir Trajkovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH - ROOTS, APPLIES AND CRITIC
Cognitive Behavioral approach is focused to the difficulties that client has “now and here” at it is based of developing a common point of view of the client’s problem. Cognitive Behavioral approach is used with individuals, families and groups of people for giving psychosocial help and support to everyone no matter of the people abilities, culture, gender or sexual preference. Psychotherapists that gain this model are professionals in mental health, like medical nurses, psychologists, doctors, social workers and counselors. Cognitive behavioral approach can be used in group or individually, only the therapy or in combination with medicaments depending from the client’s problem. The main steps in the structure of this approach are identifying negative thoughts, modifying negative thoughts, identifying and modifying dysfunctional assumptions and behavioral experiment.
Copyright (c) 2010 Sofija Arnaudova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PSYCHOSOCIAL REHABILITATION-COMPONENT FOR PROTECTION OF PERSONS WITH MENTAL DISABILITIES
The care for the mental health of the individuals with mental disabilities in community means organization of psychiatric services on efficient way in order to satisfy their needs from various aspects-psychiatric and psychosocial services, rehabilitation and easy access to the social integration. The significance of the component for protection of the persons with mental disabilities within the community is psychosocial rehabilitation. In contrast to the general definition of the concept rehabilitation, the strategy for the psychosocial rehabilitation should be oriented to the social skills of the patient and to mobilize the recourses of community. This approach will lead to the new area for researches, professional thinking for instance human and citizen’s rights, innovative legislation, closing of the psychiatric institu- tions/hospitals, flexibility of organization of the services for mental health, social inclusion of the people with mental disabilities, active measures and policies for living and employment. According to above mentioned, the psychosocial rehabilitation is not only a set of specific techniques, but it is innovative approach to the people with mental disabilities. The design of the strategic approach of the community will secure general modification in the attitude of whole society toward people with mental disabilities. The basic aim in this respect is optimal level of functionality of the individuals and society, in order to minimize the disabilities and handicaps and to create conditions for better, successful life in community. In this paper the ascent is given to questions related to the components for protection in community; dimensions of the psychosocial rehabilitation and specific measures in its realization.
Copyright (c) 2010 Ivan Trajkov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
High unemployment rates that exist in Macedonia for a longer period created problems of active population, but also uncertainty and for future generations who come completing the educational process and who appear on the labor market; on which long period of time remain as inactive. The formation of an acceptable social model is an issue which raises serious considerations: how to restrict market imperfections and on their place institutions, especially state, local governments, to shape social processes and social changes, how to help vulnerable laser of population, especially for his employment, not to endanger the reasons for working engagement. Encouraging employment requires preparation and innovation of strategy for employment, programs to encourage entrepreneurship and small businesses, then reforms in labor legislation, particularly encouraging employment of unemployed and socially excluded persons on various grounds, state, municipal level and the level of individual requirements. This leads to desirable social changes in the society.
Copyright (c) 2010 Jovan Pejkovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The inspiration for the selected paper has been the content of the syllabus of the subject of Group social work, thought on the University level of education of social workers. This topic examines the impact of interactions in small groups in the process of solving complex social problems. Power is one of the phenomena important for the functioning of small group. One way of analysing this phenomenon is through its distribution in the group, its centres of power, roles and the status of individual, leadership etc.
Copyright (c) 2010 Maria Donevska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENDANGERMENT AND PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN CASES OF ARMED CONFLICTS
The cultural heritage not only presents the basis of the national and cultural identity of a people, but rather a part of the world's cultural heritage. It is due to this that its protection has an immense bearing upon the state it belongs to, as much as upon the entire international community. Being familiar with the national system for protecting the cultural heritage is a crucial for a proper approach towards the cultural heritage of one's country. However, in cases of armed conflicts, the cultural heritage of other parties involved in the conflict is to be respected. It is for this reason that preparations are to be done in peacetime conditions, above all by strengthening the awareness (of the people as much as of the armed forces) for the need of respect and protection of the cultural heritage through respecting the international legal regulative for protection of cultural heritage during war actions.
Copyright (c) 2010 Zorica Saltirovska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SECURITY CHALLENGES OF THE NEW AMERICAN ADMINISTRATION
The arrival of a new U.S. president, Barack Obama marks the beginning of a new era in international relations. The period of Uni-polarization, characteristic for the years after the Cold War slowly decrease his intensity and his place multi-polarization yields. In the context of such global changes, the new U.S. administration made attempts to revise their positions by preventing timely security challenges. This paper provides a critical review of the position of the new U.S. administration of the European continent, relations with European partners and the spread of NATO eastward. Also, review of relations with Russia and a new impulse to "reset" of relations with the largest Eurasian geopolitical actor. However it seems that the biggest security challenges for the United States mostly are manifesting in the area of the Middle East, i.e. Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and North Korea.
Copyright (c) 2010 Toni Mileski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MONEY LAUNDERING AS FORMIDABLE CHALLENGE TO NATIONAL SECURITY OF REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
This paper is aimed at explaining the nature, patterns, history, stages and possible intermediaries of money laundering as an aspect of organized crime. This paper also has discussed the negative impact of money laundering on the national security system of Republic of Macedonia as well as the current international initiatives against it with a view to assessing the future potentials for an effective global enforcement. Global responses to the challenges of money laundering could be in the form of raising awareness about the phenomenon, especially its socioeconomic impact; creating the necessary legal and institutional frameworks; and of course, effective law enforcement and fostering international cooperation.
Copyright (c) 2010 Tanja Miloshevska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NATO TRENDS IN DIMENSION OF ARMED FORCES AND DEFENCE EXPENSES
expenses which will converge with the interests, possibilities and needs of the largest number of the Alliance member-states especially with the Republic of Macedonia as an aspirant for Alliance membership. This is done on the basis of analysis of research material for dimensions and armed forces of the Alliance member states. Our starting point was the understanding that significant changes in dimension of the armed forces take place in a period of deep sociopolitical, economic and defense changes, as in the case after the end of the Cold War. Another starting point was that in conditions of deep social and other changes, when it estimated that the endangering of the states' security is on lower level than before, then most frequently happens not only decrease of the armed force, but also decrease of the defense budget. The most serious test for justification of those decisions is the engagement in the regions in crisis, when the needs for additional expenses and continuous engagement of armed forces with increases capabilities are most directly exposed.
Copyright (c) 2010 Sinisha Daskalovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The EU has improved its cooperation in foreign policy and security issues to a great extent from the 1970s onward. The moderate attempts starting from European political cooperation has developed in to the more cooperative structure of the Common Foreign Security Politics. There is internal and external reasons behind this. How can we evaluate the state of CFSP and crisis management capability under the present circumstances? The Union simultaneously develops the civilian and military crisis management capacities and uses them not only on European ground. Do they provide the Union necessary power to play the role of global crisis manager?
Copyright (c) 2010 Sergej Cvetkovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF MONTENEGRO
Attaining coordination in the security sector is one of the key issues in the Republic of Montenegro. It emerges from the interdependence of components of the institutions and of the extent of interdependence of people in the very institutions and bodies. Thus, coordination is the key element in the work of different public order services and security and intelligence services. Lack of coordination often leads to duplication of activities and the greatest risk is the probability for misinformation of state institutions for issues concerning national security. Practice in the Montenegro shows that the coordination function is more successful where there are modern subjects with experience, where the activities are executed according to certain plans, and previously determined schedule. Contrary, at subjects without experience, coordination function is more difficult, inconsistent and with no viable results.
Copyright (c) 2010 Oliver Bakreski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NEXUS GLOBALIZATION - DEMOCRACY THROUGH PRISM ON (NEO) LIBERALISM CHARACTERISTICS
Dynamics on globalizations processes opening new manners for building democratic order. With the intensity on the processes are expected increasing democracies or appear series uncertain nesses which will have powerfully implications over democracy. There are existing on possibility of democratic deficit in determinate countries and regions that it’s possibly democratic processes to lose their connections with peace.
Copyright (c) 2010 Goran Zendelovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE GENITIVE FORMS IN -OIO ON THE MYCEANAEAN TABLETS AND ON THE THESSALIAN INSCRIPTIONS
The genitive singular forms of the thematic declension in Mycenaean Greek usually end in -oio. In the postmycenaean period *-osyo, apart from the epic poetry and later poetic reminiscences of the Homeric poems as a regular ending is found only in the Thessalian dialect. However, the comparison of the Mycenaean and Thessalian examples shows differences in the use of *- osyo both on morphological and syntactical level, i.e. it points to a formulaic and limited use of this ending in Thessaly opposite to its lively and unlimited use on the Mycenaean tablets.
Copyright (c) 2010 Elena Dzhukeska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE CREATIVE PROCESSES IN THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ART IN TODAY’S MACEDONIA-ROTATION OF DECORATIVE MOTIVES AND COMPOSITIONS
Analyzing the decoration of the Early Christian sculpture, mosaics and frescoes preserved on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia, where the 5th and 6th C. churches prevail; it becomes obvious that the repertoire of applied motifs begins to spread from one medium into another, from one type of sculpture into another, as well as from mosaics into sculpture and from sculpture into frescoes. It seems to be part of the general process that goes on within the Byzantine Empire, in order to strike the unification of the decoration on the level of semiotics, helped by applied colours, and thus, to resound the importance of certain motifs that are repeated many times within one ob- ject-the cross, flora and the fauna the inhabits the paradise (small birds, peacocks, sheep, cross and leaved cross, water spring, rivers of paradise, human figures under arches as indication of paradise architecture etc). The meaning of some of the compositions and pair of animals within the mosaics, frescoes and sculpture is either indicating salvation of the soul, her journey to heaven, or has baptismal and Eucharistic meaning.
Copyright (c) 2010 Snezhana Filipova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FORMAL MALE GARMENT FROM THE LATE 15th CENTURY
Grave 934 on the site of the Vodoča Church Complex, Church of St. Leontius in the village of Vodoča near Strumica belonged to a young, robust man. Fig. 1. He wore a bronze seal ring on his right hand, with a deeply carved ornament in the shape of a “fir tree branch” (?) dated to the late 15th century. (Fig. 2-3) On his chest, two hollow, ball-shaped small buttons have been discovered which were used for the buttoning of a lighter piece of garment (Fig. 4(1.2)), as well as four large lavishly crafted buttons in the shape of a semi-calotte sowed onto the more bulky upper part of the garment. Fig. 5 i.4.Their appearance is unique, as well as the decoration on the visible upper round surface (a combination of small rosettes, imitation of filigree and granulation). Their shape indicates that they should be dated to the 15th century. The arrangement on the large buttons on the garment from Grave 934 has its analogies in the depiction of male pieces of clothing in the donors’ compositions in the fresco painting from the wider region dating from the period between the late 14th century and the last decades of the 15th century.
Copyright (c) 2010 Elica Maneva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ATTITUDE OF THE YUGOSLAV STATE LEADERSHIP TO THE MACEDONIAN-SERBIAN CHURCH DISPUTE IMMEDIATELY AFTER PROCLAMATION OF THE AUTOCEPHALITY OF THE MACEDONIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH
The proclamation of the autocephality of the Macedonian Orthodox Church on the Third ecclesiastical-national assembly in June 1967 caused strong reactions of the bishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church, which were transferred in the Decisions on the extraordinary meeting of the assembly in September 1967. The deteriorated relations between the Serbian and Macedonian Orthodox Church were very often on the agenda of the Federal Commission for Religious Affairs before the proclamation of the autocephality of the Macedonian Orthodox Church and even more afterwards. In the discussions with the Serbian Patriarch German the representatives of the Federal Executive Council pointed out that the matter of the proclamation of the autocephality of the Macedonian Orthodox Church is not only an ecclesiastical-canonical bat primarily a national and political problem. Just one year after the proclamation of the autocephality of the Macedonian Orthodox Church the members of the Federal Commission for Religious Affairs realized that the patriarch and the Synod explicitly refused any attempt to normalize relations between the two churches, consistently maintaining the position that the Macedonian Orthodox Church can only be part of the Serbian Orthodox Church. This matter also was often discussed on the sessions of the Republican Committees on Religious Affairs in Macedonia and Serbia.
FEDERAL COMMISSION FOR RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
REPUBLICAN COMMITTEE ON RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
Copyright (c) 2010 Borche Ilievski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SERBO-BYZANTINE RELATIONS IN THE WERY LAST DECADE OF XI CENTURY: VOLKAN’S MILITARY INTRUSION TO THE POLOG
During the Serbian-Byzantium border turbulences in the first half of the very last decade of XI Century, in the interval the end of 1093 - January 1194, North-Western Macedonian region Polog-part of Byzantium, have been devastated of Serbian military forces led by zhupan Volkan(os) and suffered from Serbian plundering activities.
Copyright (c) 2010 Boban Petrovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE HOSTAGE OF DAMIAN GRUEV AT PRO-SERBS VOJVODA MICRO (MITSKO)
After the Ilinden’s uprising in 1903, the neighboring Balkan states did change the means of propaganda’s activities. Previous ecclesiastical and cultural-educational activities were transformed into military actions with the engagement of armed bands. SMORO had resisted on those activities, not permitting existence of other foreign bands in Macedonia. Such situation evolved into open armed conflict between the armed units of SMORO and foreigner propaganda’s armed units. The consequences of such battle were disastrous not only for local Macedonian population, but for Macedonian liberation movement, as well. In 1904, with direct support of Serbian authorities, first Serbian armed bands, composed of local persons, appeared in Ottoman Macedonia. Such Serbian bands, led by Mitsko Krstevski, in October 1904 managed to took in captivity one of the most prominent leader of SMORO, the wounded Damian Gruev. However, after serious threats which were made by SMORO, Serbs did not dare to hand over Damian Gruev to the Ottoman authorities or to execute him. After one month long captivity Damian Gruev was released. This event was used by Serbian propaganda in Macedonia for self promotion.
Copyright (c) 2010 Vancho Gjorgjiev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REVISION OF THE GREEK TERRITORIAL ASPIRATION IN OTTOMAN MACEDONIA
After the well-known speech of Prime Minister Ioannis Kolletis in Greek Parliament in 1844, Macedonia became one of the regions of Ottoman Empire towards which Greek territorial ambitions were directed. However during the period of so-called Great Eastern Crisis (1875-1881) Greek political elite became aware that annexation of whole Ottoman Macedonia was impossible. In that direction the Greek Prime Minister Charilaos Tricoupis ordered some Greek diplomats to give some proposals about possible division of the territory of Ottoman Macedonia. Also the founder of Modern Greek historiography Constantinos Paparrigopoulos took participation in defining the line of Greek interest in Macedonia. Line began at Ohrid Lake and passing through Bitr la. Krushevo, Strumica, Petrich ended in Nevrokop. The territory south of this Une should to be a part of enlarged Greek State in the future.
Copyright (c) 2010 Dalibor Jovanovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SOME TRAVELERS FOR THE VLACHS IN MACEDONIA
According to the above mentioned, it can be concluded that the foreign writers of travel books were interested in Vlach who were living in Macedonia and in the Balkan. They wrote important travelogues out of which can be learnt more about the custom, the language and the culture of this population. Particularly, the travelogues point out the courage, pride of this population who not preferring to be brought under the Turks they left their own hearth and home and they started inhabiting the mountains, where they engaged in farming. The Vlach were interested not only in farming but in craftsmanship, trading, renting, and taking different goods over to the Central Europe as well as to the Balkan. It is undeniably that the from the Vlach population descended many notable people who were famous in Macedonia and out of it. Big problem for the Vlach was the Greek propaganda with an intention to assimilate them. However, thanks to the women and their deep attachment to the family they kept their own characteristic.
Copyright (c) 2010 Margarita Peshevska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MACEDONIAN EMIGRACION IN BULGARIA AND AFFIRMATION OF MACEDONIAN NATIONAL DIVERSITY IN THE PERIOD OF CONSTITUTION OF ASNOM’S MACEDONIA
Author in this paper analyses the most important segments of activities of the Macedonian emigration in Bulgaria, in the period after the formation of the Macedonian federal State-Democratic Federal Macedonia (DFM) in 1944. In this period (1944-1948) for the first time in history friendly relationships between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria are established and Bulgarian policy made efforts to confess the national rights to Macedonian people. The big part of this Macedonian emigration in Bulgaria was intellectuals and those people have done important contribution in affirmation the new Macedonian state, Macedonian culture, history, tradition and language. Numerous works have been published. Many of them elaborate events and persons most important for affirmation the Macedonian nation. Some people of the Macedonian emigration arrived in DFM. They participated in the final operations of the People’s Liberation War and take part in creation a foundation of the new Macedonian state.
Copyright (c) 2010 Violeta Achkoska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS Theoretical models, typology and ethnocultural aspects
Trauma survivors experience a continuous “battle” between intrusive thoughts and emotions associated with the trauma and numbness or avoidance of every recollection of the trauma. Theoretical models of development of posttraumatic stress offer complementary explanations for the occurrence of different types of posttraumatic responses. Insight of ethnocultural characteristics of posttraumatic consequences is essential for their effective assessment and treatment.
Copyright (c) 2010 Katerina Naumova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LONELINESS, SATISFACTION OF THE CHILD AT SCHOOL AND FRIENDSHIP
Peer relations are not always accompanied by a feeling of pleasure. When a child cannot satisfactorily accomplish the relations with the peers, and the surrounding and thus satisfy its needs for belonging, love and intimacy, it leads to the occurrence of the unpleasant emotion called loneliness. Loneliness is a result of an unsuccessful social interaction. Satisfaction of the child at school determine filing of pleasure and adjustment of the child in school environment. It presented the measure of wellness at school. In our research the basic question was: how are the family and peer relations (friendships) associated with the lonesome behavior and satisfaction of the child at school in mid childhood and early adolescence (3rd grade and 7th grade pupils), respectively. The family relations are shown through the following dimensions: satisfaction with the family, acceptance by the mother, acceptance by the father, rejection by the mother, rejection by the father, mother emotionality, father emotionality, mother control and father control. The dimensions of peer relations were: quality of the relations with the best friend, the satisfaction with the best friend, the assessment of the friendship reciprocity, the relations of three best friends with the pupil and vice versa, the acceptance by the peers. Dependent variable was the loneliness of the child at school and satisfaction of the child at school. 194 examinees were elaborated in the research. It included 3rd grade pupils (85) ;\nd 7th grade pupils (109). The results were statistically processed by regressive analysis on two general factors family and peers (with their dimensions) ke predictors of lonesome behavior. For the 3rd grade pupils the regressive inalysis rendered the following factors as significant variables (p<0.05): (un)acceptance by the father, rejection by the mother, control by the father and quality of family interaction. These dimensions contributed to the explanation and prediction of the lonesomeness as 36% (R2). The results of the regressive analysis of the 7th grade pupils show a significant influence (p<0.05) by mother emotionality, while within the peer variables the significant one was the satisfaction with the best friend. They explain and predict the lonesome behavior as 42% (R2). The satisfaction at school (for the 3th grade child) is explained with 29% of mutual general factors (family and peers). But it's interesting for the 7th grade child, the family factor is more significant than peer factor, but the mutual factors are predicting the satisfaction at school 29%(R2). An outcome shows that lonesomeness of the child in the school and satisfaction at school proved to be more influenced by the family relations than by the peer relations (for 3rd grade pupil’s only family variables explain lonesome behavior). The satisfactions of relation with the best friend significantly contribute to the lower lonesome behavior at the child, especially for 7th grade students.
Copyright (c) 2010 Orhideja Shurbanovska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY: WHY WE NEED NEW MOVEMENT IN PSYCHOLOGY?
After centuries of science and disciplines directed toward helping people, we have a new movement named Positive psychology. It is a result of ignoring important questions about wellbeing and strengths in scientific psychology. Positive psychology is scientific approach in research of positive emotions and experiences, development of positive traits and strengths, and application of findings in development and enabling positive institutions. Dedicated to those subjects, Positive psychology has a future. The future is seen in fulfillment of its essence and mission in every sphere of psychology, science and public life in general. But Positive psychology has a future only as a movement and platform, without pretensions for hard structure and strict problem of research.
Copyright (c) 2010 Ognen Spasovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT: CONTENT, FORMATION AND IMPLICATIONS
This paper presents psychological contract as a mental model of the employment relationship. In the first part comparison among psychological contract and formal employment contracts is made. Then, its basic components: employee’ beliefs regarding his obligations to the employer and employee’ beliefs regarding employer’ obligations to him are described. Generally, these components can be categorized as relational and transactional. Accordingly, there are two types of psychological contract: relational and transactional. In the next part, the psychological contract formation process (in which seeking and sense making of the information’s about work obligations are fundamental) is explained. In the final part importance and practical implications of psychological contract are discussed.
Copyright (c) 2010 Biljana Blazhevska-Stoilkovska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADMINISTRATION, MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP OF WORK ORGANIZATIONS
Not long ago the concepts of administration and leadership for designation of work organizations’ direction in our country have been applied. But due to an increased empowerment of organizational directors under transitional conditions, the tendency for their appointment as managers and the trend for the appointment of organizational direction as management have appeared. From psychological aspects, the concepts of administration and of management are explained that are compared with the concept of organizations’ leadership. Based on the interaction approach for relation among employees’ characteristics and organizations’ characteristics new direction strategies in order to attain positive issues in work process are proposed.
Copyright (c) 2010 Elisaveta Sardzhoska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This article deals with the definition and understanding of critical thinking as a complex phenomenon. Several theories of intellectual abilities are analyzed to show that intelligence contains or implies critical dimension. Further, for the purpose of obtaining the more complete insight, five representative conceptions of critical thinking are also presented. The comparative analysis shows similarities and differences among the authors regarding nature and genesis of critical thinking. For Glaser, Ennis and Kvaschev critical thinking is general capability of performing and applying logical operations; it is the skill of thinking which is independent of any specific content or task. In contrast to above mentioned authors, Meyers emphasizes that critical thinking is always connected to certain specific contents and it is influenced by them. In comparison with the previous two approaches, the conception of Garrison is moderate one. He tries to reconcile general and particular, skill and knowledge, form and content, because critical thinking is the general skill which is realized with the aid of specific knowledge. Education needs critical thinking and critical thinking needs education. Despite differences, these authors agree that critical thinking is important for individual and social development, as well as that it should be stimulated during the process of education.
Copyright (c) 2010 Elena Achkovska Leshkovska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Conformity is one of the most spread forms of social influence. It occurs when people change their thoughts and behavior due to succumbing on real or imagined pressure of others or due to observing to certain social or group norms. The most important approaches in definition and investigation of conformity are presented in this article. Two types of motivational antecedents are identified when are considering the reasons for conformity: the need to be correct and the need to be accepted. The nature of conformity is largely determined by these needs which result in qualitatively different types of social influence: informational and normative influence. It was also specified that the probability of manifestation of conformity depends on various situational and individual factors.
Copyright (c) 2010 Mihajlo Popovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STYLES OF HUMOR AND SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL LONELINESS
The main aim of this research is to see if there is a connection between styles of humor and types of loneliness. Styles of humor can be positive (Affiliative and Self-enhancing) and negative (Aggressive and Self-defeating), and Loneliness can be defined as more dimensional construct (Social, Love and Family). The sample of this research is convenient and consisted from 60 first years students from the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje, which were given Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) constructed by Rod Martin and Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA) constructed by Di- Tomasso and Spiner. For testing the hypothesis we have used Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, and the results show that there is significant connection between Self-enhancing humor and Social loneliness (r—.338, p<0,01), Self-defeating humor and Love loneliness (r=.293, p<0,05) and Self-defeating humor and Family loneliness (r=.345, p<0,01).
Copyright (c) 2010 Violeta Arnaudova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0