Annual of the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje

THE IDEA OF THE SACRED IN ÉMILE DURKHEIM, RUDOLF OTTO AND MIRCEA ELIADE

2025-04-23T10:47:47+02:00

In this article the theories on the sacred of Emile Durkheim, Rudolf Otto and Mircea Eliade are briefly accounted for Starting from the idea of the sacred in Durkheim, as a contagious, performative power, enabling the coherence of the community; through the concept of the numinous in Otto, implying a complex relation of incomprehension of the sacred, but afeeling ofawe in the religious man; to the eclectic concept of Eliade, considering the sacred as radically opposed to the profane, and ontologically superior to it, it is analysed as powerful, superior, sublime, impressive, contagious, performative.

DIDACTIC-METHODIC MODELING OF THE PLAY ACTIVITIES IN THE EARLY SCHOOL AGE

2025-04-23T13:05:31+02:00

Even after so many years the scientific public is still leading debates on the role and value of play and its influence on effective teaching and learning. The reasons for and against play in an educational context produce arguments which have placed it on a high level in the program for educational policies, research and practice. Play has still been given serious treatment, and this has been confirmed by contemporary research which provide new theoretical frameworks and practice guides. Scientists and practitioners alike view the issue ofplay with particular interest, especially for its ideal mixture of theory and practice, as well as the fact that it generates quality in the process of learning and teaching.
The didactic-methodic ordering of the play activity refers to its thought- out planning and creating a structure that will determine the individual elements in its realization. Practice offers different interpretations of the term structure. For example, on the one hand the structure might imply a narrow methodic framework which focuses its attention on different teaching final results. On the other hand though, the structure might imply an open methodic framework which gives a sense of security that the play activities include the process that supports learning and has the potential to offer possibilities for final results. Both interpretations depend on the pedagogical context in which the given structure is being realized.
Teachers have to recognize the different meanings so as to decide which approach and didactic-methodic components they will apply for the result of creating an interdependent relationship between play, learning and teaching in the first educational cycle.

TREATMENT OF SELF-LEARNING IN THE CONCEPT OF LIFELONG LEARNING

2025-04-23T14:12:13+02:00

The presence, with all the changes that is bringing in different areas of life and work is demanding the needfor continuing learning and education. That means that the contemporary system of education should and must be built on a new type of learning - learning how to learn or self-learning.
The appearance of self-learning can be seen as a reaction to the changes in post-industrial society. Actually, it is a responce of one societal and political question: Does our youth possesses enough knowledge, skills and attitudes neededfor productive life in a post-industrial society?
Self-learning per se is an answer to this question, because it gives great autonomy to individuals and is inspiring power in their lives - personal, educational and civic.
In this kind of educational conditions it is taken in to recons idiration the still present condition of “ encyclopedian knowledge ”, vis ά vis afirmative need of the students of all levels of education to learn about the methods and techniques of self-learning.
The lack of curricula that encompasses elements of self-learning, lack of teacher s manuals that would help them to qualify students with this type of learning, as well as non sufficient prepareness of teachers to use innovative teaching methods and techniques - are common obstacle that is still present in educational systems of many countries, including ours.
Self-learning, slowly but safely should become part of every modern system of education, allowing children and adults to become navigators of their own education and learning as well as enabling them to encounter the changes of the knowledge-based society.

THE SITUATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST AFTER THE 80-IES OF THE XX CENTURY AND THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY

2025-04-23T18:16:56+02:00

At the end of XX century, there were a lot of changes caused, in front of all, by the fall of the Berlin Wall, the perestroika in the USSR and the collapse of the Warsaw Pact. That brought these changes to have an impact on the events in the Middle East. It was accompanied by wars between nations and peoples who inhabited this territory. The situation was fueled by local leaders who wanted to expand the territories at the expense of the other countries. Among these leaders it was Khomeini, who wanted to spread the Islamic revolution from Iran in all Arab countries, as well as Saddam Hussein who wanted Iraq to become the most powerful country in the Arab world. It led to war that took great material damage and a lot of lives. Similar was the situation in Israel where the fights which began in the 50’s of XX century proceeded to the end of the century.

THE CONTENTS OF COMMUNIST AGITATION AND PROPAGANDA FROM THE UPRISING TO THE FREEDOM (1941-1944)

2025-04-23T19:02:20+02:00

The purpose of this article is to analyze the basic contents of the agitation and propaganda of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Macedonia) during the National-liberation war (1941-1944) in the Vardar part of Macedonia. This organized activity, through the printed materials and public speech of the Partys activists, played key role in the planned direction of the accumulated revolutionary s energy of the Macedonian people for the realization of the shortterm and long-term goals of the CPY In the framework of the common Yugoslav matrix, the contents of Party s agitation and propaganda in Macedonia had their specifics, among which the domination of the national over the class component, was the most important.

GREEK REACTIONS ON ILINDEN UPRISING

2025-04-23T21:23:00+02:00

The start of the Hindern Uprising in Ottoman Macedonia did not surprised the Greek political circles in Athens. The Greek politicians had a lot of informations about the situation in this restless Ottoman province. However, the uprising in Ottoman Macedonia did not correspond to the Greek interests in the region, having in mind, that Greeks had considered Macedonia as a part of their historic heritage. So, the reactions of the Greek politicians and different nationalist organizations were predictable.

FROM MEDIEVAL BELT DECORATIONS TO METAL BUCKLES

2025-04-23T22:24:06+02:00

Jewellery has been used over the ages to adorn belts, serving a variety of functions as well as bearing numerous symbolic meanings.
In addition to their functional uses in fastening clothes, belts in the Middle Ages also declared a person s professional status or military rank and the jewellery on medieval belts often incorporated insignias of nobility.
These roles of belts in the Middle Ages are attested to by archaeological finds Fig. 1-4 by portraits in medieval frescoes, particularly those from the 14th and 15th century, Fig. 5, 6, as well as by various written sources.
A specific metal addition is found on belts discovered among archaeological materials from Macedonia in the 16th century onwards—the metal belt-buckle. Fig. 7
The presence of belt buckles is even more noticeable in findings from the 17th and 18th centuries in the ruins of settlements, in graves and—more rarely—as burial offerings Fig. 8-10
Macedonian metal buckles from the 18th to the 20th century form an important part of ethnological collections and were among the most remarkable, precious and luxuriantly crafted jewellery additions of that time. Buckles were worn both by women as a decoration to their clothing, particularly in bridal wear, and by men as an addition to everyday secular or ceremonial and priestly vestments Fig. 11-15,17ab, 18
Metal buckles were used both by Christians and Moslems.
The most appropriate approach to the scientific interpretation of the various metal decorations on belts from the Middle Ages to the period of the revival in Macedonia is an interdisciplinary approach that makes use of methods from the fields of archaeology, history, art history, and—of course—ethnology.

THE ANCIENT GREEK PRONOUN Ό, Ή, TO IN THE MYCENAEAN PERIOD

2025-04-23T22:31:37+02:00

On the Mycenaean tablets there are several forms corresponding to the Post-Mycenaean forms of the pronoun ό, ή, το. The comparison of the Mycenaean forms with the Post-Mycenaean Greek forms shows that in the Mycenaean period this pronoun was used not only as a demonstrative pronoun, but also as a 3-rd person personal pronoun. The comparison also shows specific features in the inflexion. On one hand Mycenaean evidence confirms that forms like τοίο, τοϊσι are old and on the other hand it reveals different forms, such as the dative-locative or instrumental-ablative singular forms to-e, to-me.

For the origin of facial expression of emotions

2025-04-23T22:43:56+02:00

This article represents an overview of the development of psychological thought concerning the origin of facial expression of emotions. Is facial expression innate or learned?
The idea of universality of facial expression seems to be supported by empiricalfindings drawn from studies of the processes underpinning the inception (origination) offacial expression. A comparative account of specificity offacial expression across cultural boundaries is also presented. A section of the paper is devoted to examine the interaction of biological and cultural influence on facial expression.
The paper concludes that both evolutionists and cultural relativists failed to give completely satisfactory answers to the fundamental question whether facial expressions are innate or learned.

MORAL SELF-PERCEPTION OF ADOLESCENTS

2025-04-23T22:58:58+02:00

This research examines differences in moral self-perception of adolescents with different age, gender, type of behavior and family. The total number of participants is 260, where 92 are girls and 168 are boys. The average age of participants from early adolescence is 14.5 years, from middle adolescence is 17.7 years, while the average age of participants from late adolescence is 21.4 years. All participants are Macedonians, with Orthodox religion.
The results indicate that older adolescents, adolescents who do not manifest asocial or antisocial behavior and adolescents who live with their parents who are in marriage are choosing moral values and virtues as more central and more important to their moral self-perception compared to younger adolescents, and to their peers who manifest asocial or antisocial behavior and those who live in institutions for children without parents and parental care. No differences are registered according to gender of adolescents.

PATH ANALYSIS: CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATION IN SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

2025-04-23T23:06:12+02:00

The main aim of this paper is to explain basic characteristics of the path analysis, and present some example of path analysis. Path analysis may have special usefulness in sociology. Path analyses focuses on the problem of interpretation and not intend to be a method of discovering causes. Path analysis is representing by path coefficient. There are differences between exogenous and endogenous variables. The main stapes in running path analysis are to define the variables, to represent in causal order, to formulate equation, and schem review of the path model. In the process of running variables all variables are regressed in once, and the order of the variables represent the causal order between them.

INFORMATION AND INFORMATION PLANNING SYSTEM

2025-04-23T23:13:57+02:00

Having a timely opportune, precise and revisioned information on disposal means achieving a certain advantage, respectively, if the correct information is used in the aproppriate time and on an aproppriate way, then it can be the most powerful weapon in the hands of the one that possesses it. In other words, having a precise and fast information means that the planned tasks will be realized completely and that information as some kind of data for a certain situation, selected, analyzed and interpreted will have the leading role in delivering certain decisions. The efficiency of the planning process depends in a great extent on information, or lack of information. Hence, it is not the same what kind of information a certain institution receives, nor the answer is accidential of how a certain institution after receiving the necessary information will act and how it will be used, because, from these presumptions the functioning of the institution itself depends in a large degree.

GEOPOLITICAL VISIONS OF RUSSIA AND THE UNITED STATES ABOUT THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

2025-04-24T07:50:34+02:00

This paper will analyze the geopolitical visions of Russia and the United States concerning the People’s Republic of China. The analysis was made following the historical context of the political relations between China and Russia, and China and the U.S. The states that are visible show that Russia and the U.S., through the assumed engagements and developed positions on the Asian continent, are establishing rapprochement with China. This practical geopolitical approach of both Russia and the U.S., according to China, does not correlate with a formal geopolitical approach to the analysis of their relationship.
This paper portrays the geopolitical vision of the relations between Russia and China, in terms of practical and formal geopolitics, elaborated by the theory of “The Fall of China” by Alexander Dugin. The same approach is applied to the geopolitical visions of the United States for China, entitled “Strategy for Containment” by the geopolitical analyses of Zbigniew Brzezinski and the practical geopolitical actions of the current U.S. administration.

INCLUSION OF GENDER ISSUES IN THE NATIONAL SECURITY POLICIES

2025-04-24T08:00:53+02:00

Security is a common imperative for all organized societies, in all stages of their historic development. In modern societies, security is a sphere of interest to all categories and subjects, and it is a core societal need, which envisages the protection of citizens and states from all kinds of jeopardy. Since security can be observed from several aspects, its meaning cannot be dwarfed into one universal definition. However, it cannot be contested that irrespective of their sex, status, nationality or any other affiliation, every member of the society has an inherent need for security. That is why security policies must be comprehensive and take into account the various security needs of all social groups. By reducing discrimination, i.e. by establishing anti-dis crimination rules in the institutions of the security sector, we could build trust, boost legitimacy, and provide safety and justice. Within this give framework, it is crucial that we take into consideration the different security needs of men and women, including internal security threats, such as gender violence as the most obvious manifestation of the need for a different approach in providing safety andjustice. The inclusion of gender issues has a positive impact on the structure and staff of military forces, intelligence agencies, police, and other institutions of the security sector. Moreover, it is an indicator that the security policy is thoroughly well developed, and providing gender-accountable process and result.

CONVERGENCE THEORY OF TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME

2025-04-24T08:11:52+02:00

As the 1990s progressed and both criminal and terrorist groups merged economic and political capabilities, it became noticeable that many groups had lost sight of their original motivations and aims. As a result at the start of the twenty-first century a increasing number of groups simultaneously displayed features of transnational organized criminal structures and terrorist organizations. In assessing the development of these hybrid organisations, it is evident that the motivations, organisation, and the operations of criminal and terrorist groups also converged-thus making in analytically difficult to make a division between the two phenomena.
The convergence theory refers explicitly to the idea that criminal and terrorist organisations should converge into a particular entity which primarily displays characteristics of both groups simultaneously; but has the prospective to convert itself into an entity setted at the opposite end of the crime-terror spectrum from which it began. Transformation thus happens to such a degree that crucial aims and motivations of the criminal of terrorist organisation have actually changed. This means that to understand the evolution of these entities, both criminal and political characteristics must be acknowledged and evaluated continuously.

END OF U.S. MILITARY (ADVEN) TURISM: CRITICISM OVERVIEW OF THE SITUATION IN IRAQ

2025-04-24T08:20:53+02:00

Risk is a move to implement the western liberal system in countries which have liberal tradition. Establishing liberal democratic principles and values by using military means proved unsuccessful and often turn into an ideology of domination over countries opponents of the West. Manipulations with information from the U.S. side connected to the Iraq war left suspicions which for a long time points are reflected on their foreign and security policy. The attempt by forced to opening Iraq toward the world in order to establish new forms of cooperation, leading to fragmentation of the country on various grounds, for its contribution to the marginalization of various world happenings and triggered fierce competitions among participants for exploration of natural resources.

MORALAND POLITICAL SIZE OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTIONS

2025-04-24T08:30:28+02:00

As can be seen, the competing discourses for and against humanitarian intervention reflect different assumptions about the relationship between order and justice. Proponents of humanitarian intervention emphasise that justice is a prerequisite for long term order on the state level as well as on the international level. Critics of humanitarian intervention maintain that order is a precondition for justice and that humanitarian interevention - especially in the absence of concensus among the great powers - might endanger order and thereby undermine the precondition for justice on both the international level and within weak states.
In sum, the different approaches to the relationship between order and justice produce indeterminate conclusions about the political and moral dilemas involved in humanitarian intervention. The relationship between order and justice is immensely complicated and precludes any possibility of an absolute and principled etic of intervention (or of non-intervention, for that matter) which stands on solid ground. This indeterminacy is likely to act as a constraint on governments contemplating humanitarian intervention.
What the most responsible choise would be in any particular situation will depend on the concrete circumstances of the case, on instrumental considerations, and on a complex balancing act between considerations of order and considerations of justice on different levels and over various time lines. In the last instance, it depends on defenitions of national interest. Moreover, a significant part of the evaluations of a specific case relates to the questions whether an action would be lawful or not and what would be the long term effects of an act on the development of internatioanal law and its standing.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE OF EMPLOYEES - VICTIMS OF MOBBING AT WORKPLACE

2025-04-24T21:43:28+02:00

Mobbing is defined as the phenomenon of psychological harassment, which is repeated through activities in order to degrade the employee on different grounds. Mobbing causes the violation of human rights and dignity, and harms the physical and mental health and decreases future of professional victim.
For the purposes of this study a questionnaire consisting of 25 questions to determine the presence of mobbing was designed and for the examination of personal characteristics of employees - victims of mobbing NEO-PI-R personality inventory was used (Costa & McRae). The survey was conducted during a period of six months from January 2011 to June 2011. The sample in the survey included 255 participants (82 men and 173 women) working in five different activities: administration (50), health and social work (54), education (52) industry (53) and army (46) only from Skopje, Macedonia.
When it comes to descriptive analysis, can be noticed that the arithmetic mean of the presence of mobbing the entire sample was M = 45.05, which is higher than the median for the entire sample Mdn = 43,00, but lower than the theoretical arithmetical mean Mt=50,00.
In consideration of descriptive data on the five dimensions ofpersonality it is necessary to bear in mind that theoretical arithmetic mean is M= 96,00. The highest score of the respondents indicate the dimension Conscientiousness (M = 106.78), which is almost identical to that dimension of Agreeableness (M = 106.78) and the lowest Neuroticism (M— 88.40).
The results obtained using the Pearson coefficient of correlation show that there is a positive connection between the presence of mobbing and Neuroticism (r =,259, p<0,01) and a negative connection between the presence of mobbing and agreeableness (r =-,164, p< 0,01) and conscientiousness (r =-, 195, p<0,01). These data imply that neurotic people perceive a higher level of mobbing and agreeable and consciousness people perceive a lower level of mobbing.
According to the presented results we can conclude that there is employees that are exposed to mobbing have tendency to experience anger, feelings of guilt, sadness, despondency and loneliness. Also, victims of mobbing at workplace do not believe in good intentions of others and usually do not have capacity to begin tasks and follow through to completion when they cope with boredom or distractions.
Also, form the date mentioned above we can conclude that there are no statistical differences in the level of mobbing between the employees in private and public sector, but that employees that work in health and social work are mostly exposed to mobbing.

EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

2025-04-24T21:52:57+02:00

Employment or right to work of persons with disabilities is the last stage of the long and complex process of their rehabilitation. In professional theory of special education employment is the last stage of integrating these persons in the community.
According to information at its disposal which Community trade in protective association in year 2011 Republic of Macedonia has:
- 411 trade association which employed 3541 persons with disabilities from which 3350 are disabled of all categories and 191 are working disabled;
- 406persons working as sole proprietor or working with sole traders;
- 971 disabled persons working in trade companies with open economy;
- 15 disabled persons working in the public sector or total of 5339 persons with disabilities worked in year 2011.
In article, 19 paragraph 3 of the Law of labor relations of Republic of Macedonia is established: “Person with disabilities who is capable to work certain things is consider with ability of health for closure of labor contract for those certain things The same Law prohibits discrimination of the employment candidate respectively labor with disabilities and provides lawsuit for compensation of damage due to discrimination on the basis of disabilities and load proof that there was not discrimination falls to the employer.
From this we can concluded that in Macedonia, protection of persons with disabilities in the area of employment is conducting not though assigning certain protective groups of persons with disabilities but through the system of antidiscrimination.

PLAGIARISM IN SCIENTIFIC WORK

2025-04-24T22:17:09+02:00

In scientific writing, plagiarism is regarded as a serious breach of ethics. Plagiarism has different forms but can be categorized into two general distinct categories - plagiarism of ideas and plagiarism of text.
The aim of the paper is to address plagiarism at length, to find ways to its disclosure and to make recommendations for its improvement.
Authors have a responsibility to ensure that they make due acknowledgement every time they use the ideas or words of others. Editors of scientific journals also have a responsibility to discourage plagiarism. The most important steps in preventing plagiarism are those taken to address its causes. Plagiarism detection software has considerably affected the quality of scientific publishing.
In Macedonian terms there is very little or no care for ethics in science. Often times we are witnesses of pagiarism that goes unpunished by the wider scientific community, nor the judicial authorities. In the future must be sanctioned and intellectual property must be respected. Creating software on Macedonian language that can detect duplicate publications is one of the possible solutions to overcome the bad situation of the scientific publications in Macedonia.

VIOLENCE IN THE MINORS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

2025-04-24T22:29:34+02:00

In the last decade violent and aggressive behavior in children and young people is increasing steadily. This problem drives more attention to the professional, scientific and general public in Macedonia and abroad.
This paper will show the presence of juvenile crime with elements of violence, as well as its structure and distribution by the age of minors in the period between 2001-2010 year in Macedonia.
Methods: In this paper is used descriptive method and analysis of official statistics documentations checks for criminal acts committed by 2001-2010 in Macedonia and statistical breakdown of crimes committed in Croatia 2005-2009.
Results: According to the results of the analyzed ten year period (2001- 2010) the representation of violent crime among juveniles in Macedonia ranges from 11.4% to 23.4% of the total juvenile crime. The juvenile crime in Croatia for mentioned period is between 20-28% of the total crimes committed.
Conclusion:. The volume and dynamics of crime with elements of violence varies and is characterizied by noncontiguous growth in both countries.

IS FEMINIST EPISTEMOLOGY SOCIAL EPISTEMOLOGY?

2025-04-24T22:36:39+02:00

This paper presents the tensions between the political intentions of feminism and the need for constituting a feminist epistemology through which would endorse the merits of feminist knowledge. Possible solution to this issue is Helen Longinos concept of local epistemology.

Барање за отстранување на одредени неконзистентности

2025-04-24T22:41:01+02:00

Почитувани,
Ви ce обраќам во две својства и по две прашања:
-Како раководител на Институтот за историја сметам за потребно службено да Ви укажам на една неконзистентност која ce провлекува во редоследот на публикуваните трудови во факултетското спиеание ГЗФФ. Имено, согласно член 15 од Правилникот на Филозофски факултет-променет пред околу 3 години, Институтот за историја е посочен како трет, но во ГЗФФ трудовите на нашите професори ce уште не ce претставуваат по тој редослед;
-Како Главен уредник на списанието Македонска историска ревија( MHR) кое е со меѓународна редакција од седум држави од респектибилни универзитети, Ви укажувам на една недопустлива појава која ce случи истовремено во последниот број на ГЗФФ КН.64 од декември 2011 и последниот број на MHR бр. 2 излезен во декември 2011 г. Имено, на двете списанија издавач е Филозофскиот факултет, но тоа не поколебало еден автор, инаку наш професор кој бездруго го знае тоа, да издаде потполно иста статија во двете списанија кои излегоа истовремено, еднаш на македонски, во другото на англиски (види Прилог). Јас како Главен уредник на MHR немав увид во постапките на авторот, ниту ми беше укажано или на било кој начин најавено или предочено, ce додека истата статија е ja здогледа светлоста на академскиот ден во ГЗФФ и MHR истовремено во декември 2011г. a кој датум на публикување го знае и авторот на статијата.
Заради зачувување на безмалку столетниот дигнитет на Филозофскиот факултет, повеќе децениското реноме на ГЗФФ, како и персоналниот кредибилитет на сите повикани по службена основа, ценам дека треба Редакцијата на ГЗФФ официјално да ja повлече ова статија публикувана во ГЗФФ 64. На тој начин не би ce ставале во непријатна ситуација вакво писмо да ce достави до Меѓународната редакција на MHR, бидејќи постоењето на една иста статија публикувана два пати во иста година и од ист издавач, академски е неодржливо.
Со почит,
Во Скопје, Проф. д-р Бобан Петровеки
11. 06. 2012г. _________________________