PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY OF FERTILITY AND MILK TRAITS IN OFFSPRING OBTAINED BY INSEMINATION BY SEXED AND CONVENTIONAL SEMEN OF HOLSTEIN BREED BULLS
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Oct 1, 2017
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The objective of this paper was to compare heifers reproductive traits and characteristics of their calves after artificial insemination performed by conventional (non-sexed) and sexed sperm on 6 commercial farms in Serbia. Conception rate was 55% and 44% for conventional and sexed semen, an average gestation length being 274.6 and 274.9 days, respectively. Average body mass at birth was 37.47 and 36.75 kg for non-sexed and sexed semen, respectively. The rate of stillbirths and twinning was 6.19 and 3.78% for conventional and 7.54 and 1.13% for sexed semen, respectively. The use of conventional semen exerted no statistically significant (P>0.05) effect on female: male calves relationship (51.96 : 48.04) while artificial insemination by sexed semen highly significantly (P<0.01) changed calf sex-ratio (85.10 : 14.90). First-calf heifers originating from sires whose sperm was obtained in conventional way produced 7880 kg milk with 269 kg milk fat and 242 kg protein in standard lactation, while first-calf heifers originating from sires whose sperm was sex-sorted produced 8184 kg milk with 251 kg milk fat and 242.3 kg protein. Type of insemination (conventional and sexed semen) did not significantly affect the studied milk yield traits (P>0.05).
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2. Borchersen, S. and Peacock, M. (2009). Danish A.I. field data with sexed semen. Theriogenology, 71: 59–63.
3. Cerchiaro, I., Cassandro, M., Dal Zotto, R., Carnier, P., Gallo, L. (2007). A field study on fertility and purity of sex-sorted cattle sperm. J. Dairy Sci., 90: 2538–2542.
4. Cundiff, L.V. and MacNeil, M.D. (1986). Between and within-breed genetic analysis of calving traits and survival to weaning in beef cattle. J. of Animal Sci., 63 (1): 27-33.
5. De Vries, A., Overton, M., Fetrow, J., Leslie, K., Eicker, S., Rogers, G. (2008). Exploring the impact of sexed semen on the structure of the dairy industry. J. Dairy Sci., 91: 847–856.
6. DeJarnette, J.M., Nebel, R.L., Marshall, C.E. (2009). Evaluating the success of sex-sorted semen in US dairy herds from on farm records. Theriogenology, 71: 49–58.
7. DeJarnette, J.M., Leach, M.A., Nebel, R.L., Marshall, C.E., McCleary, C.R., Moreno, J.F. (2011).
Effects of sex-sorting and sperm dosage on conception rates of Holstein heifers: Is comparable fertility of sex-sorted and conventional semen plausible J. Dairy Sci., 94: 3477–3483.
8. Foote, R. H. (2010). The history of artificial insemination: Selected notes and notables. J. Anim. Sci., 80: 1-10.
9. Garner, D.L. and Seidel, G.E. (2008). History of commercializing sexed semen for cattle. Theriogenology, 69: 886–895.
10. Gregory, K.E., Bennet, G.L., Van Vleck, L.D., Echternkamp, S.E., Cundiff, L.V. (1997). Genetic and enviromental parameters for ovulatin rate, twining rate, and weigth in a cattle population for twining. J. Anim Sci., 75: 1213-1222.
11. Healy, A.A, House, J.K, Thomson, P.C (2013). Artificial insemination field data on the use of sexed and conventional semen in nulliparous Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci., 96(3):1905-14.
12. Hinde, K., Carpenter, A.J., Clay, J.S., Bradford, B.J. (2014). Holsteins favor Heifers, not Bulls: biased milk production programmed during pregnancy as a function of fetal sex. PloS one, 9(2):e86169 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086169 [PMC free article]
13. Korora, J. (2012). Seksiranje semena i odnos polova u populaciji mlečnih goveda Vojvodine. Master rad, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad, Srbija.
14. Lavaf, A. and Honarvar, M. (2013). Exploring the Impact of Sexed Semen on Genetic Trend of Milk Production and Profitability in Iranian Holstein Dairy Farms. AGC. Res., 57 (3) 38-45.
15. Mee, J.F. (1991). Factors affecting the spontaneous twining rate and the effect of twinning on calving problems in nine Irish dairy herds. Ir. Vet. J., 44:14-20.
16. Meyer, C. L., Berger, P. J., Koehler, K. J. (2000). Interactions among factors affecting stillbirths in Holstein Cattle in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 83:2657–2663.
17. Nelsen, T. C., Short, R.E., Urick, J.J., Reynolds, W.L. (1984). Genetic variance components of birth weight in a herd of unselected cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 59: 1459-1466.
18. Norman, H.D., Hutchison, J.L., Miller, R.H. (2010). Use of sexed semen and its effect on conception rate, calf sex, dystocia, and stillbirth of Holsteins in the United States. J. Dairy Sci., 93: 3880–3890.
19. OFerrall, G.J. and Ryan, M. (1990). Beef crossing: effects of genotype of the foetus on the performance of dairy cows. Irish Journal of Agricultural Reserch., 29: 2, 101-108.
20. Prakash MA, Kumaresan A, Manimaran A, Joshi RK, Layek SS, Mohanty TK, Divisha RR (2014). Sexing of spermatozoa in farm animals: a mini review. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2 (4): 226 – 232.
21. SAS (2013). SAS Version 9.1.3, SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC, USA
22. Seidel, G.E., Schenk, J.L., Herickhoff, L.A., Doyle, S.P., Brink, Z., Green, R.D. (1999). Insemination of heifers with sexed sperm. Theriogenology, 52: 1407–1420.
23. Seidel, G.E. (2007). Overview of sexing sperm. Theriogenology, 68: 443–446.
24. Seidel, GE. (2003). Sexing mammalian sperm—Intertwining of commerce, technology, and biology. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 79:145–156.
25. Seidel, G.E., Jr. (2002). Sexing sperm for beef and dairy cattle breeding. Pages 281–286 in Factors Affecting Calf Crop: Biotechnology of Reproduction. M. J. Fields, R. S. Sand, and J. V. Yelich, ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
26. Seidel, G.E., Jr., and Garner. D.L. 2002. Current status of sexing mammalian spermatozoa. Reproduction, 124:733–743.
27. Steinbock, L., Näsholm, A., Berglund, A.B., Johansson K., Philipsson, J. (2003). Genetic Effects on Stillbirth and Calving Difficulty in Swedish Holsteins at First and Second Calving. J. Dairy Sci., 86: 2228-2235.
28. Tubman, L.M., Brink, Z., Suh, T.K., Seidel, G.E. (2004). Characteristics of calves produced with sperm sexed by flow cytometry cell sorting. J. Anim Sci., 82(4): 1029-36.
29. Weigel, K.A. (2004). Exploring the role of sexed semen in dairy production systems. J. Dairy Sci., 87(13): 120–130.
30. Zadeh, G.H., Javaremi, A.N., Miraei-Ashtiani, S.R., Kohram, H. (2008). An Observational Analysis of Twin Births, Calf Stillbirth, Calf Sex Ratio, and Abortion in Iranian Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci., 91: 4198-4205.
31. Zadeh, G.H., Javaremi, A.N., Miraei-Ashtiani, S.R., Kohram, H. (2010). Bio-economic evaluation of the use of sexed semen at different conception rates and herd sizes in Holstein populations. Anim Reprod Sci., 121(1-2): 17-23.
2. Borchersen, S. and Peacock, M. (2009). Danish A.I. field data with sexed semen. Theriogenology, 71: 59–63.
3. Cerchiaro, I., Cassandro, M., Dal Zotto, R., Carnier, P., Gallo, L. (2007). A field study on fertility and purity of sex-sorted cattle sperm. J. Dairy Sci., 90: 2538–2542.
4. Cundiff, L.V. and MacNeil, M.D. (1986). Between and within-breed genetic analysis of calving traits and survival to weaning in beef cattle. J. of Animal Sci., 63 (1): 27-33.
5. De Vries, A., Overton, M., Fetrow, J., Leslie, K., Eicker, S., Rogers, G. (2008). Exploring the impact of sexed semen on the structure of the dairy industry. J. Dairy Sci., 91: 847–856.
6. DeJarnette, J.M., Nebel, R.L., Marshall, C.E. (2009). Evaluating the success of sex-sorted semen in US dairy herds from on farm records. Theriogenology, 71: 49–58.
7. DeJarnette, J.M., Leach, M.A., Nebel, R.L., Marshall, C.E., McCleary, C.R., Moreno, J.F. (2011).
Effects of sex-sorting and sperm dosage on conception rates of Holstein heifers: Is comparable fertility of sex-sorted and conventional semen plausible J. Dairy Sci., 94: 3477–3483.
8. Foote, R. H. (2010). The history of artificial insemination: Selected notes and notables. J. Anim. Sci., 80: 1-10.
9. Garner, D.L. and Seidel, G.E. (2008). History of commercializing sexed semen for cattle. Theriogenology, 69: 886–895.
10. Gregory, K.E., Bennet, G.L., Van Vleck, L.D., Echternkamp, S.E., Cundiff, L.V. (1997). Genetic and enviromental parameters for ovulatin rate, twining rate, and weigth in a cattle population for twining. J. Anim Sci., 75: 1213-1222.
11. Healy, A.A, House, J.K, Thomson, P.C (2013). Artificial insemination field data on the use of sexed and conventional semen in nulliparous Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci., 96(3):1905-14.
12. Hinde, K., Carpenter, A.J., Clay, J.S., Bradford, B.J. (2014). Holsteins favor Heifers, not Bulls: biased milk production programmed during pregnancy as a function of fetal sex. PloS one, 9(2):e86169 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086169 [PMC free article]
13. Korora, J. (2012). Seksiranje semena i odnos polova u populaciji mlečnih goveda Vojvodine. Master rad, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad, Srbija.
14. Lavaf, A. and Honarvar, M. (2013). Exploring the Impact of Sexed Semen on Genetic Trend of Milk Production and Profitability in Iranian Holstein Dairy Farms. AGC. Res., 57 (3) 38-45.
15. Mee, J.F. (1991). Factors affecting the spontaneous twining rate and the effect of twinning on calving problems in nine Irish dairy herds. Ir. Vet. J., 44:14-20.
16. Meyer, C. L., Berger, P. J., Koehler, K. J. (2000). Interactions among factors affecting stillbirths in Holstein Cattle in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 83:2657–2663.
17. Nelsen, T. C., Short, R.E., Urick, J.J., Reynolds, W.L. (1984). Genetic variance components of birth weight in a herd of unselected cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 59: 1459-1466.
18. Norman, H.D., Hutchison, J.L., Miller, R.H. (2010). Use of sexed semen and its effect on conception rate, calf sex, dystocia, and stillbirth of Holsteins in the United States. J. Dairy Sci., 93: 3880–3890.
19. OFerrall, G.J. and Ryan, M. (1990). Beef crossing: effects of genotype of the foetus on the performance of dairy cows. Irish Journal of Agricultural Reserch., 29: 2, 101-108.
20. Prakash MA, Kumaresan A, Manimaran A, Joshi RK, Layek SS, Mohanty TK, Divisha RR (2014). Sexing of spermatozoa in farm animals: a mini review. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2 (4): 226 – 232.
21. SAS (2013). SAS Version 9.1.3, SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC, USA
22. Seidel, G.E., Schenk, J.L., Herickhoff, L.A., Doyle, S.P., Brink, Z., Green, R.D. (1999). Insemination of heifers with sexed sperm. Theriogenology, 52: 1407–1420.
23. Seidel, G.E. (2007). Overview of sexing sperm. Theriogenology, 68: 443–446.
24. Seidel, GE. (2003). Sexing mammalian sperm—Intertwining of commerce, technology, and biology. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 79:145–156.
25. Seidel, G.E., Jr. (2002). Sexing sperm for beef and dairy cattle breeding. Pages 281–286 in Factors Affecting Calf Crop: Biotechnology of Reproduction. M. J. Fields, R. S. Sand, and J. V. Yelich, ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
26. Seidel, G.E., Jr., and Garner. D.L. 2002. Current status of sexing mammalian spermatozoa. Reproduction, 124:733–743.
27. Steinbock, L., Näsholm, A., Berglund, A.B., Johansson K., Philipsson, J. (2003). Genetic Effects on Stillbirth and Calving Difficulty in Swedish Holsteins at First and Second Calving. J. Dairy Sci., 86: 2228-2235.
28. Tubman, L.M., Brink, Z., Suh, T.K., Seidel, G.E. (2004). Characteristics of calves produced with sperm sexed by flow cytometry cell sorting. J. Anim Sci., 82(4): 1029-36.
29. Weigel, K.A. (2004). Exploring the role of sexed semen in dairy production systems. J. Dairy Sci., 87(13): 120–130.
30. Zadeh, G.H., Javaremi, A.N., Miraei-Ashtiani, S.R., Kohram, H. (2008). An Observational Analysis of Twin Births, Calf Stillbirth, Calf Sex Ratio, and Abortion in Iranian Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci., 91: 4198-4205.
31. Zadeh, G.H., Javaremi, A.N., Miraei-Ashtiani, S.R., Kohram, H. (2010). Bio-economic evaluation of the use of sexed semen at different conception rates and herd sizes in Holstein populations. Anim Reprod Sci., 121(1-2): 17-23.