SEMANTIC FORMULAS FOR GIVING COMPLIMENTS IN THE MACEDONIAN STANDARD LANGUAGE
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Published:
Dec 19, 2020
Keywords:
compliments, semantic formulas, syntactic structure, topic, Macedonian language
Main Article Content
Abstract
This article aims to explore the syntactic structure of the most frequently used semantic formulas for expressing compliments during young population interactions, the most frequently used words in those formulas, and the topic they refer to. This approach presents a base to understand the similarities and the
differences between the Macedonian and the other world languages, as well as the specific features of Macedonian. This qualitative research has a descriptive design, i.e., the corpus consists of 1000 semantic formulas collected through a survey in which 100 young people aged 18 – 22 in the Republic of N. Macedonia
were asked to list the compliments they use in their everyday interactions. The methods used are analysis, synthesis and comparison. The results indicate that in the Macedonian language the semantic formulas for giving compliments are the same as the formulas present in other foreign languages which have a simple sentence structure and that the Macedonian language features can be seen in the intensifiers and the possibility of combining them, as well as in the formulas that contain a noun group and a complex sentence structure.
differences between the Macedonian and the other world languages, as well as the specific features of Macedonian. This qualitative research has a descriptive design, i.e., the corpus consists of 1000 semantic formulas collected through a survey in which 100 young people aged 18 – 22 in the Republic of N. Macedonia
were asked to list the compliments they use in their everyday interactions. The methods used are analysis, synthesis and comparison. The results indicate that in the Macedonian language the semantic formulas for giving compliments are the same as the formulas present in other foreign languages which have a simple sentence structure and that the Macedonian language features can be seen in the intensifiers and the possibility of combining them, as well as in the formulas that contain a noun group and a complex sentence structure.
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How to Cite
Janusheva, Violeta. 2020. “SEMANTIC FORMULAS FOR GIVING COMPLIMENTS IN THE MACEDONIAN STANDARD LANGUAGE”. Journal of Contemporary Philology 3 (2), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.37834/JCP2020077j.
Section
Linguistics
Copyright © 2014 Blaže Koneski Faculty of Philology, Skopje
Journal of Contemporary Philology (JCP)
Современа филологија
References
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Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Baek, G. (1998). A cross-cultural study of compliments and compliment responses in English and Korean. PhD Dissertation. Seoul: Seoul National University.
Barnlund, D. and Araki, S. (1985). Intercultural encounters. The management of compliments by Japanese and Americans. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 16 (1): 9–26.
Beebe, L. M. and Cummings, C. M. (1996). Natural speech act data versus written questionnaire data: how data collection method affects speech act performance. In: Susan M. Gass – Joyce Neu (eds.). Speech acts across cultures: Challenges to communication in a second language, 65–86. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Boyle, R. (2000). You’ve worked with Elizabeth Taylor!: Phatic functions and implicit compliments. Applied linguistics, 21 (1): 26–46.
Brown, P. and Stephen, C. L. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Daikuhara, M. (1986). A study of compliments from a cross-cultural perspective: Japanese vs American English. Working paper in educational linguistics, 2 (2): 103−134.
Farenkia, M. B. (2011). Speech acts and regional variations in French: The case of compliment on skills in Cameroon and Canadian French. Speech and context, 2 (III): 182–200.
Goody, E. N. (1981). Toward a theory of question. In Goody (ed.). Question and politeness, 17−43. Cambridge: CUP.
Han, C. (1992). A comparative study of compliment responses: Korean females in Korean interactions and in English interactions. Working papers in educational linguistics, 8: 17−31.
Hartford, B. S. and Bardovi-Harlig, K. (1992). Experimental and observational data in the study of interlanguage pragmatics. Pragmatics and language learning monograph series, 3: 33–52.
Herbert, R. K. (1989). The ethnography of English compliments and compliment responses: A constructive sketch. In W. Olesky (eds.). Contrastive pragmatics, 3−35. Amesterdam: John Benjamins.
Herbert, R. K. (1991). The sociology of compliment work: An ethnocontrastive study of Polish and English. Multilingua, 10 (4): 381−402.
Holmes, J. (1988). Paying compliments: A sex-preferential politeness strategy. Journal of pragmatics, 12: 445−465.
Irvine, J. (1986). Review of F. Coulmas (ed.). Conversational Routine. Language in Society, 15: 241 –245.
Jaworski, A. (1995). This is not an empty compliment: Polish compliments and the expression of solidarity. International journal of applied linguistics, 5 (1): 63−94.
Jeon, Y. (1996). A descriptive study on the development of pragmatic competence by Korean learners of English in the speech act of complimenting. PhD. Texas: A & M.
Kodama, Y. (1996). Taidan intaabyuu ni okeru home no kino (Functions of compliments in dialog interviews). Nihongogaku, 59–67.
Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B. (1989). Praising and complimenting. In W. Oleksy (ed.). Contrastive pragmatics, 73–100. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Manes, J. (1983). Compliments: a mirror of cultural values. In N. Wolfson and E. Judd (eds.). Sociolinguistics and language acquisition: series on issues in second language research, 82–95. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Manes, J. and Wolfson, N. (1981). The compliment formula. In F. Coulmas (ed.). Conversational routine, 115−132. The Hague: Mouton.
Nelson, G. L., El-Bakary, W., and Al-Batal, M. (1993). Egyptian and American compliments: A cross cultural study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17: 293-313.
Sadokhin, A.P. (2010). Mezhkul’turnaya kommunikatsiya [Intercultural communiation in Russian]. Moscow: Al’fa – M. INFRA – M.
Searle, J. (1975). Indirect Speech Acts. In P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds.). Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press.
Thomas, J. (1983). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied linguistic, 4 (2): 91–112.
Ye, L. 1995. Complementing in Mandirin Chinese. In G. Kasper (ed.). Pragmatics of Chinese as Native and Target Language. Manoa. Hawaii: Hawai University Press.
Wolfson, N. (1983). An empirically based analysis of compliments. In N. Wolfson and E. Judd (eds.). Sociolinguistics and Language acquisition, 82−95. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Abolaji, S. M. (2012). A functional approach to identifying compliment data. [Online] Rice working papers in linguistics, 1 (3): 1−15. Available from: https://bit.ly/2Y7xCkl [Accessed: April 24th, 2019].
Bhatti, J. and Žegarac, V. (2012). Compliments and refusals in Poland and England. [Online] Research in language, 10 (3): 279–297. Available from: https://bit.ly/346yLMM [Accessed: March 25th, 2019].
Brutian, L. (2016). Compliment to a compliment: An analysis of the speech act of a compliment. [Online] Wisdom, 7 (2): 27–32. Available from: https://bit.ly/31jMZIt [Accessed: на June 20th, 2019].
Duan, Y. (2011). A pragmatic research report on compliment speech act. [Online] Theory and practice in language studies, 1 (4): 356–360. Available from: https://bit.ly/3kJevqF [Accessed: April 11th, 2019].
Kim, H. A. Study of Compliments across Cultures: The effect of sociolinguistic transfer on EFL learners. [Online] Available from: https://bit.ly/3g5C9dp [Accessed: April 22, 2019].
Shezi, A. V. (2005). A pragmatic analysis of compliments in Zulu educational context. [Online] Master thesis. Available from: https://bit.ly/3fXVw7X [Accessed: May 3th, 2019].
Yuan,Y. (2002). Compliments and compliment responses in Kunming Chinese. [Online] Pragmatics, 12 (2): 183−226. Available from: https://bit.ly/3h3hnw6 [Accessed: May 3th, 2019].
Yousefvand, Z. (2010). Study of compliment speech act realization patterns across gender in Persian. [Online] Arizona working papers in SLA and teaching, 17:91−112. Available from: https://bit.ly/2PYoES5 [Accessed: June 4th,2019].
Yu, M. C. (2005). Sociolinguistic competence in the complementing act of native Chinese and native American English speakers: A mirror of cultural values. [Online] Language and speech, 48 (1): 91 – 119. Available from: https://bit.ly/321Qsuk [Accessed: June 4th,2019].
Válková, S. (2013). Speech acts or speech act sets: apologies and compliments. [Online] Linguistica pragensia, 2: 44 –57. Available from: https://bit.ly/3kN9Pjr [Accessed: May 28th, 2019].
Vaneva, M. and Ivanovska. M. (2018). Pragmatics of English speech acts: Compliments used by Macedonian learners. [Online] International journal of English linguistics, 8 (5): 272−296. Available from: https://bit.ly/3hoxFQm [Accessed: May 3th, 2019].
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Baek, G. (1998). A cross-cultural study of compliments and compliment responses in English and Korean. PhD Dissertation. Seoul: Seoul National University.
Barnlund, D. and Araki, S. (1985). Intercultural encounters. The management of compliments by Japanese and Americans. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 16 (1): 9–26.
Beebe, L. M. and Cummings, C. M. (1996). Natural speech act data versus written questionnaire data: how data collection method affects speech act performance. In: Susan M. Gass – Joyce Neu (eds.). Speech acts across cultures: Challenges to communication in a second language, 65–86. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Boyle, R. (2000). You’ve worked with Elizabeth Taylor!: Phatic functions and implicit compliments. Applied linguistics, 21 (1): 26–46.
Brown, P. and Stephen, C. L. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Daikuhara, M. (1986). A study of compliments from a cross-cultural perspective: Japanese vs American English. Working paper in educational linguistics, 2 (2): 103−134.
Farenkia, M. B. (2011). Speech acts and regional variations in French: The case of compliment on skills in Cameroon and Canadian French. Speech and context, 2 (III): 182–200.
Goody, E. N. (1981). Toward a theory of question. In Goody (ed.). Question and politeness, 17−43. Cambridge: CUP.
Han, C. (1992). A comparative study of compliment responses: Korean females in Korean interactions and in English interactions. Working papers in educational linguistics, 8: 17−31.
Hartford, B. S. and Bardovi-Harlig, K. (1992). Experimental and observational data in the study of interlanguage pragmatics. Pragmatics and language learning monograph series, 3: 33–52.
Herbert, R. K. (1989). The ethnography of English compliments and compliment responses: A constructive sketch. In W. Olesky (eds.). Contrastive pragmatics, 3−35. Amesterdam: John Benjamins.
Herbert, R. K. (1991). The sociology of compliment work: An ethnocontrastive study of Polish and English. Multilingua, 10 (4): 381−402.
Holmes, J. (1988). Paying compliments: A sex-preferential politeness strategy. Journal of pragmatics, 12: 445−465.
Irvine, J. (1986). Review of F. Coulmas (ed.). Conversational Routine. Language in Society, 15: 241 –245.
Jaworski, A. (1995). This is not an empty compliment: Polish compliments and the expression of solidarity. International journal of applied linguistics, 5 (1): 63−94.
Jeon, Y. (1996). A descriptive study on the development of pragmatic competence by Korean learners of English in the speech act of complimenting. PhD. Texas: A & M.
Kodama, Y. (1996). Taidan intaabyuu ni okeru home no kino (Functions of compliments in dialog interviews). Nihongogaku, 59–67.
Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B. (1989). Praising and complimenting. In W. Oleksy (ed.). Contrastive pragmatics, 73–100. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Manes, J. (1983). Compliments: a mirror of cultural values. In N. Wolfson and E. Judd (eds.). Sociolinguistics and language acquisition: series on issues in second language research, 82–95. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Manes, J. and Wolfson, N. (1981). The compliment formula. In F. Coulmas (ed.). Conversational routine, 115−132. The Hague: Mouton.
Nelson, G. L., El-Bakary, W., and Al-Batal, M. (1993). Egyptian and American compliments: A cross cultural study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17: 293-313.
Sadokhin, A.P. (2010). Mezhkul’turnaya kommunikatsiya [Intercultural communiation in Russian]. Moscow: Al’fa – M. INFRA – M.
Searle, J. (1975). Indirect Speech Acts. In P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds.). Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press.
Thomas, J. (1983). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied linguistic, 4 (2): 91–112.
Ye, L. 1995. Complementing in Mandirin Chinese. In G. Kasper (ed.). Pragmatics of Chinese as Native and Target Language. Manoa. Hawaii: Hawai University Press.
Wolfson, N. (1983). An empirically based analysis of compliments. In N. Wolfson and E. Judd (eds.). Sociolinguistics and Language acquisition, 82−95. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Abolaji, S. M. (2012). A functional approach to identifying compliment data. [Online] Rice working papers in linguistics, 1 (3): 1−15. Available from: https://bit.ly/2Y7xCkl [Accessed: April 24th, 2019].
Bhatti, J. and Žegarac, V. (2012). Compliments and refusals in Poland and England. [Online] Research in language, 10 (3): 279–297. Available from: https://bit.ly/346yLMM [Accessed: March 25th, 2019].
Brutian, L. (2016). Compliment to a compliment: An analysis of the speech act of a compliment. [Online] Wisdom, 7 (2): 27–32. Available from: https://bit.ly/31jMZIt [Accessed: на June 20th, 2019].
Duan, Y. (2011). A pragmatic research report on compliment speech act. [Online] Theory and practice in language studies, 1 (4): 356–360. Available from: https://bit.ly/3kJevqF [Accessed: April 11th, 2019].
Kim, H. A. Study of Compliments across Cultures: The effect of sociolinguistic transfer on EFL learners. [Online] Available from: https://bit.ly/3g5C9dp [Accessed: April 22, 2019].
Shezi, A. V. (2005). A pragmatic analysis of compliments in Zulu educational context. [Online] Master thesis. Available from: https://bit.ly/3fXVw7X [Accessed: May 3th, 2019].
Yuan,Y. (2002). Compliments and compliment responses in Kunming Chinese. [Online] Pragmatics, 12 (2): 183−226. Available from: https://bit.ly/3h3hnw6 [Accessed: May 3th, 2019].
Yousefvand, Z. (2010). Study of compliment speech act realization patterns across gender in Persian. [Online] Arizona working papers in SLA and teaching, 17:91−112. Available from: https://bit.ly/2PYoES5 [Accessed: June 4th,2019].
Yu, M. C. (2005). Sociolinguistic competence in the complementing act of native Chinese and native American English speakers: A mirror of cultural values. [Online] Language and speech, 48 (1): 91 – 119. Available from: https://bit.ly/321Qsuk [Accessed: June 4th,2019].
Válková, S. (2013). Speech acts or speech act sets: apologies and compliments. [Online] Linguistica pragensia, 2: 44 –57. Available from: https://bit.ly/3kN9Pjr [Accessed: May 28th, 2019].
Vaneva, M. and Ivanovska. M. (2018). Pragmatics of English speech acts: Compliments used by Macedonian learners. [Online] International journal of English linguistics, 8 (5): 272−296. Available from: https://bit.ly/3hoxFQm [Accessed: May 3th, 2019].