CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE ON UKRAINIAN CHERNOZEMS
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Apr 1, 2018
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As the granary of Europe, Ukraine has seen a significant rise in productivity and efficiency of its agriculture during the past decades. Chernozems are the primary soils in Ukraine. In order to maintain continued increases in grain production, Ukraine needs to implement conservation tillage and other sustainable land management practices to reduce soil degradation. The paper reviews the problem of Chernozems degradation and summarizes the influences of conservation tillage, cropping systems, fertilization, crop residue management, strip-cropping and contour farming on physical, chemical, and biological properties of Ukrainian Chernozems for the past 50 years. The conversion from plow-tillage to minimum tillage and no-till improves infiltration rate, pH and soil organic matter (SOM) in 0- to 10-cm layer and lead to carbon accumulation in fulvic acids and humins. No significant differences in SOM storage were observed among tillage systems in the 0- to 100-cm layer. The five crop rotation increased 0.8, 0.71, 0.94 t ha-1 yield of cereals and 5.8, 1.0, 4.2 t ha-1 sugar beet under conventional tillage, deep minimum tillage and reduced minimum tillage, respectively. Recommended application of manure in conservation agriculture in the humid zone - 12 t ha-1, in semi-humid zone - 10-12 t ha-1 and 8-10 t ha-1 in semi-arid zone. Green manure, cover crops and inter crops increased crop yield by 2-10% on Forest-Steppe and Steppe Chernozems. The combination of strip cropping, contour farming, contour bunds, and terracing are particularly recommended for the sloping farmland in order to reduce soil erosion. Land-related policies and relevant legislation in Ukraine are also outlined with an aim to contribute to the creation of guidelines and strategies for further implementation of appropriate practices for sustainable agriculture.
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1. Anisimova, L., Grytsan, N., Kharytonov, M. (2009). Land Distribution and Assessment in the Ukrainian Steppe Within the Dnepropetrovsk Region. Regional Aspects of Climate-TerrestrialHydrologic Interactions in Non-boreal Eastern Europe. NATO Science for Peace and Security. Series C: Environmental Security, 4, 201–210.
2. Baker, C., Saxton, K., Ritchie, W., Chamen, W., Reicosky, D., Ribeiro, F., Justice, S., Hobbs, P. (2007). No-Tillage Seeding in Conservation Agriculture. 2-nd ed. FAO and CABI, Cromwell Press, Oxford, UK.
3. Balyuk, S., Tovazhnyanskiy, L. (2010). Scientific principles of soil conservation from erosion. NTU KNU Press, Kharkiv (in Ukrainian).
4. Baumol, W., Oates, W. (1979). Economics, Environmental Policy and the Quality of Life. Prentice–Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
5. Clements, D., Benoit, D., Murphy, S., Swanton, C. (1996). Tillage effects on seed return and seed bank composition. Weed Sci. 44, 314–322.
6. Datsko, L. and Stcherbatenko, O. (2006). Green manure use in different soil climatic zones of Ukraine. Proceedings of II International scientific conference “Ecology: problems of adaptive farming”. Symphonies Forte Press, Ivano-Frankivsk (in Ukrainian).
7. Degtyarov, V.(2011). Humus of Ukrainian Forest-Steppe and Steppe Chernozems. Maydan Press, Kharkiv (in Ukrainian).
8. Dudal, R., Nachtergaele, F., Purnell, M. (2002). The human factor of soil formation. Transactions 17th World Congress of Soil Science, Bangkok, Symposium 18, Vol. II, paper 93.
9. Dzhamal, V., Shelyakin, M. (1986). Soil erosion conservation. Urozhay Press, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
10. Demidenko, O. (2012). Crop rotation effect on physics and chemical properties of Forest-Steppe Chernozems. Proceedings of International scientific-practical conference devoted to the 90th anniversary of the Soil Science and Soil Conservation Department. Modern Soil Science: Scientific issues and teaching methodology. Inter service Press, Kyiv, 59–62 (in Ukrainian).
11. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 1993. Soil tillage in Africa: needs and challenges. Journal of Natural Resources Management and Environment Department. FAO Soils Bulletin 69.
12. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2002. No Tillage to Prevent Soil Degradation. Journal of D+C Development and Cooperation, 1, 29.
13. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2013. Permanent crops by country. Official site. [Cited 2013 Jan. 10] Available from: http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/agr_per_cro-agriculturepermanent-crops.
14. Flower, R. and Rockstrom, J.(2001). Conservation tillage for sustainable agriculture. An agrarian revolution gathers momentum in Africa. Soil and Tillage Research, 61, 93–107.
15. Gallaher, R. & Maglene, B.(1987). Effect of no-tillage vs. conventional tillage on soil organic matter and nitrogen contents. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 18, 1061-1076.
16. Gangu, V., Brazhenko, I., Kramarenko, І., Sokirko, P., Len', О., Udovenko, К. (2011). The sugar beet productivity assessment under long-term continues growing versus to crop rotation. Journal of Dnepropetrovsk State Agrarian University, 1, 12–15 (in Ukrainian).
17. Gichka, M. and Timchenko, D.(2007). Spring water accumulation in the modern soil conservation landscape. Journal of Soil Science, 10, 116–122 (in Ukrainian).
18. Gilley, J. & Doran, J. (1997). Tillage effects on soil erosion potential and soil quality of a former Conservation Reserve Program site. Soil and Water Conservation, 52, 184–188.
19. Grechkosiy, V. (2008). Modern soil conservation technics for farming. Agricultural technics and equipment 1, 28–32 (in Ukrainian). Hospodarenko, H., Trus, O., Prokopchuk, I. (2012). Humus conservation conditions in a field crop rotation. Biological systems, 4, 31–34 (in Ukrainian).
20. Ivanytska, V. (2010). Soil conservation systems and plum roots development on the terraces. Journal of National Forestry University, 20, 21–27 (in Ukrainian).
21. Kravchenko Y., Lopatko K., Aftodiliants Y., Trach V. (2015). The effect of colloidal nanoparticles on Plant Grows, Phytotoxicity and Crop Yields in “Fertiliser Technology I: Syntesis”, Studium Press LLC., USA, 1, 408-443.
22. Kravchenko, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, X, Song, C., Cruse, R.(2011). Chernozems properties and changes in Ukraine and China. Chinese Geographical Science, 21, 257–266.
23. Kravchenko, Y., Rogovska, N., Petrenko, L., Zhang, X., Song, C., Chen, Y. (2012). Quality and dynamics of soil organic matter in a typical Chernozem of Ukraine under different long-term tillage systems. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. Special Issue - Soil Quality and Management of World Chernozems, 92, 429-438.
24. Kravchenko, Y., Petrenko, L., Zhang, Xingyi. (2010). Ukrainian Chernozems: genesis, properties and amendment. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Soil Quality and Management of World Chernozems. Northeast Forestry University Press, Harbin, pp. 3–24.
25. Kurdyukova, O. and Konoplya, M.(2011). Weed density under basic soil tillage. Agronomy Journal of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 162, 56–62 (in Ukrainian).
26. Kutter, T., Louwagie, G., Schuler, J., Zander, P., Helming, K., Hecker, J-M. (2011). Policy measures for agricultural soil conservation in the European Union and its member states: policy review and classification. Land Degradation and Development, 22, 18–31.
27. Lisetskii, F., Zamuraeva, M., Danilchenko, M.(2010). Agricultural trends of the Steppe Soils transformation at the different time of their utilization. Journal of Kharkiv National Agricultural University. Series – Soil Science, agricultural chemistry, land management, forestry and soil ecology, 4, 23–27 (in Ukrainian).
28. Liu, X.B., Zhang, X.Y, Wang, Y.Y. Sui, Y.Y., Zhang, S.L., Herbert, S.J. Ding, G.W.(2010). Soil degradation: A problem threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China. Plant Soil Environ, 56, 87-97
29. Liu, X.B., Zhang, S.L., Zhang, X.Y., Ding G.W., Cruse, R. (2011). Soil erosion control practices in Northeast China: A mini-review. Soil & Tillage Research, 117, 44–48.
30. Lopatko K., Melnychuk M., Trach V., Aftandilyants Y., Lopatko S. (2013). Application of colloidal forms of trace elements in the disturb mineral nutrition of plants. E-Journal EARTH Bioresources and Life Quality, 4, http://gchera-ejournal.nubip.edu.ua/index.php/ebql/article/view/125/91.
31. Makarova, G., Glustcenko, M., Vakulenko, Yu. (2008). Green manure as a factor of soil productivity improvement. Ecology, 81, 51–54 (in Ukrainian).
32. Marchuk, I., Makarenko, V., Rozstalniy, V., Savchuk, A., Filonov, E.(2011). Fertilizers management. Aristey Press, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
33. Montanarella, L. (2005). The state of European Soils. Transactions of the Agricultural University of Iceland, Rit LBHÍ, 4, 9–21.
34. Nazeer, S. and Malik, A. (2011). Effect of Tillage Systems and Farm Manure on Various Properties of Soil and Nutrient’s Concentration. Russian Agricultural Sciences, 37, 232–238.
35. Nosko, B.(1991). The agrochemist’s book. Urozhay Press, Kyiv (in Russian).
36. NRCS, NHCP., 2008. Natural resources conservation service. Conservation practice standard. Stripcropping, (Ac.), Code 585, 1–4.
37. Potiha, A. (2011). Yanukovich: Ukraine sealed the leading power in a grain production in the World. Ukraine, events, facts, review, 23, 24–29 (in Ukrainian).
38. Prager, K., Schuler, J., Helming, K., Zander, P., Ratinger, T., Hagedorn, K. (2010). Soil Degradation, Farming Practices, Institutions and Policy Responses: an Analytical Framework. Land Degradation & Development, 22, 32–46.
39. Sandor, J. (1998). Steps toward soil care: ancient agricultural terraces and soils. 16th Word Congress of Soil Science. Montpellier, France, 6.
40. Sayko, V. (2007). Systems of Soil Tillage in Ukraine. VD EKMO Press, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
41. Sutton, W., Whitford, P., Stephens, E., Galinato, S., Nevel, B., Plonka, B., Karamete, E.(2007). Integrating Environment into Agriculture and Forestry Progress and Prospects in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Volume II. Ukraine Country Review, World Bank, Washington, DC, 20 pp.
42. Svitlichniy, O., Chorniy, S.(2007). Basics of erosion. University book Press, Sumy (in Ukrainian).
43. Tarariko, O., Grekov, V., Datsko, L. (2012). Transformation of agroecological soil properties. Proceedings of International scientific-practical conference devoted to the 90th anniversary of the Soil Science and Soil Conservation Department “Modern Soil Science: Scientific Issues and Teaching Methodology”. Interservice Press. Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
44. Tarariko, O.(2006). Modern soil conservation model based on contour – ameliorative land management. Journal of Kharkiv National Agricultural University. Series – Soil Science, agricultural chemistry, land management, forestry and soil ecology, 1, 130–135 (in Ukrainian).
2. Baker, C., Saxton, K., Ritchie, W., Chamen, W., Reicosky, D., Ribeiro, F., Justice, S., Hobbs, P. (2007). No-Tillage Seeding in Conservation Agriculture. 2-nd ed. FAO and CABI, Cromwell Press, Oxford, UK.
3. Balyuk, S., Tovazhnyanskiy, L. (2010). Scientific principles of soil conservation from erosion. NTU KNU Press, Kharkiv (in Ukrainian).
4. Baumol, W., Oates, W. (1979). Economics, Environmental Policy and the Quality of Life. Prentice–Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
5. Clements, D., Benoit, D., Murphy, S., Swanton, C. (1996). Tillage effects on seed return and seed bank composition. Weed Sci. 44, 314–322.
6. Datsko, L. and Stcherbatenko, O. (2006). Green manure use in different soil climatic zones of Ukraine. Proceedings of II International scientific conference “Ecology: problems of adaptive farming”. Symphonies Forte Press, Ivano-Frankivsk (in Ukrainian).
7. Degtyarov, V.(2011). Humus of Ukrainian Forest-Steppe and Steppe Chernozems. Maydan Press, Kharkiv (in Ukrainian).
8. Dudal, R., Nachtergaele, F., Purnell, M. (2002). The human factor of soil formation. Transactions 17th World Congress of Soil Science, Bangkok, Symposium 18, Vol. II, paper 93.
9. Dzhamal, V., Shelyakin, M. (1986). Soil erosion conservation. Urozhay Press, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
10. Demidenko, O. (2012). Crop rotation effect on physics and chemical properties of Forest-Steppe Chernozems. Proceedings of International scientific-practical conference devoted to the 90th anniversary of the Soil Science and Soil Conservation Department. Modern Soil Science: Scientific issues and teaching methodology. Inter service Press, Kyiv, 59–62 (in Ukrainian).
11. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 1993. Soil tillage in Africa: needs and challenges. Journal of Natural Resources Management and Environment Department. FAO Soils Bulletin 69.
12. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2002. No Tillage to Prevent Soil Degradation. Journal of D+C Development and Cooperation, 1, 29.
13. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2013. Permanent crops by country. Official site. [Cited 2013 Jan. 10] Available from: http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/agr_per_cro-agriculturepermanent-crops.
14. Flower, R. and Rockstrom, J.(2001). Conservation tillage for sustainable agriculture. An agrarian revolution gathers momentum in Africa. Soil and Tillage Research, 61, 93–107.
15. Gallaher, R. & Maglene, B.(1987). Effect of no-tillage vs. conventional tillage on soil organic matter and nitrogen contents. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 18, 1061-1076.
16. Gangu, V., Brazhenko, I., Kramarenko, І., Sokirko, P., Len', О., Udovenko, К. (2011). The sugar beet productivity assessment under long-term continues growing versus to crop rotation. Journal of Dnepropetrovsk State Agrarian University, 1, 12–15 (in Ukrainian).
17. Gichka, M. and Timchenko, D.(2007). Spring water accumulation in the modern soil conservation landscape. Journal of Soil Science, 10, 116–122 (in Ukrainian).
18. Gilley, J. & Doran, J. (1997). Tillage effects on soil erosion potential and soil quality of a former Conservation Reserve Program site. Soil and Water Conservation, 52, 184–188.
19. Grechkosiy, V. (2008). Modern soil conservation technics for farming. Agricultural technics and equipment 1, 28–32 (in Ukrainian). Hospodarenko, H., Trus, O., Prokopchuk, I. (2012). Humus conservation conditions in a field crop rotation. Biological systems, 4, 31–34 (in Ukrainian).
20. Ivanytska, V. (2010). Soil conservation systems and plum roots development on the terraces. Journal of National Forestry University, 20, 21–27 (in Ukrainian).
21. Kravchenko Y., Lopatko K., Aftodiliants Y., Trach V. (2015). The effect of colloidal nanoparticles on Plant Grows, Phytotoxicity and Crop Yields in “Fertiliser Technology I: Syntesis”, Studium Press LLC., USA, 1, 408-443.
22. Kravchenko, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, X, Song, C., Cruse, R.(2011). Chernozems properties and changes in Ukraine and China. Chinese Geographical Science, 21, 257–266.
23. Kravchenko, Y., Rogovska, N., Petrenko, L., Zhang, X., Song, C., Chen, Y. (2012). Quality and dynamics of soil organic matter in a typical Chernozem of Ukraine under different long-term tillage systems. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. Special Issue - Soil Quality and Management of World Chernozems, 92, 429-438.
24. Kravchenko, Y., Petrenko, L., Zhang, Xingyi. (2010). Ukrainian Chernozems: genesis, properties and amendment. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Soil Quality and Management of World Chernozems. Northeast Forestry University Press, Harbin, pp. 3–24.
25. Kurdyukova, O. and Konoplya, M.(2011). Weed density under basic soil tillage. Agronomy Journal of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 162, 56–62 (in Ukrainian).
26. Kutter, T., Louwagie, G., Schuler, J., Zander, P., Helming, K., Hecker, J-M. (2011). Policy measures for agricultural soil conservation in the European Union and its member states: policy review and classification. Land Degradation and Development, 22, 18–31.
27. Lisetskii, F., Zamuraeva, M., Danilchenko, M.(2010). Agricultural trends of the Steppe Soils transformation at the different time of their utilization. Journal of Kharkiv National Agricultural University. Series – Soil Science, agricultural chemistry, land management, forestry and soil ecology, 4, 23–27 (in Ukrainian).
28. Liu, X.B., Zhang, X.Y, Wang, Y.Y. Sui, Y.Y., Zhang, S.L., Herbert, S.J. Ding, G.W.(2010). Soil degradation: A problem threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China. Plant Soil Environ, 56, 87-97
29. Liu, X.B., Zhang, S.L., Zhang, X.Y., Ding G.W., Cruse, R. (2011). Soil erosion control practices in Northeast China: A mini-review. Soil & Tillage Research, 117, 44–48.
30. Lopatko K., Melnychuk M., Trach V., Aftandilyants Y., Lopatko S. (2013). Application of colloidal forms of trace elements in the disturb mineral nutrition of plants. E-Journal EARTH Bioresources and Life Quality, 4, http://gchera-ejournal.nubip.edu.ua/index.php/ebql/article/view/125/91.
31. Makarova, G., Glustcenko, M., Vakulenko, Yu. (2008). Green manure as a factor of soil productivity improvement. Ecology, 81, 51–54 (in Ukrainian).
32. Marchuk, I., Makarenko, V., Rozstalniy, V., Savchuk, A., Filonov, E.(2011). Fertilizers management. Aristey Press, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
33. Montanarella, L. (2005). The state of European Soils. Transactions of the Agricultural University of Iceland, Rit LBHÍ, 4, 9–21.
34. Nazeer, S. and Malik, A. (2011). Effect of Tillage Systems and Farm Manure on Various Properties of Soil and Nutrient’s Concentration. Russian Agricultural Sciences, 37, 232–238.
35. Nosko, B.(1991). The agrochemist’s book. Urozhay Press, Kyiv (in Russian).
36. NRCS, NHCP., 2008. Natural resources conservation service. Conservation practice standard. Stripcropping, (Ac.), Code 585, 1–4.
37. Potiha, A. (2011). Yanukovich: Ukraine sealed the leading power in a grain production in the World. Ukraine, events, facts, review, 23, 24–29 (in Ukrainian).
38. Prager, K., Schuler, J., Helming, K., Zander, P., Ratinger, T., Hagedorn, K. (2010). Soil Degradation, Farming Practices, Institutions and Policy Responses: an Analytical Framework. Land Degradation & Development, 22, 32–46.
39. Sandor, J. (1998). Steps toward soil care: ancient agricultural terraces and soils. 16th Word Congress of Soil Science. Montpellier, France, 6.
40. Sayko, V. (2007). Systems of Soil Tillage in Ukraine. VD EKMO Press, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
41. Sutton, W., Whitford, P., Stephens, E., Galinato, S., Nevel, B., Plonka, B., Karamete, E.(2007). Integrating Environment into Agriculture and Forestry Progress and Prospects in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Volume II. Ukraine Country Review, World Bank, Washington, DC, 20 pp.
42. Svitlichniy, O., Chorniy, S.(2007). Basics of erosion. University book Press, Sumy (in Ukrainian).
43. Tarariko, O., Grekov, V., Datsko, L. (2012). Transformation of agroecological soil properties. Proceedings of International scientific-practical conference devoted to the 90th anniversary of the Soil Science and Soil Conservation Department “Modern Soil Science: Scientific Issues and Teaching Methodology”. Interservice Press. Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
44. Tarariko, O.(2006). Modern soil conservation model based on contour – ameliorative land management. Journal of Kharkiv National Agricultural University. Series – Soil Science, agricultural chemistry, land management, forestry and soil ecology, 1, 130–135 (in Ukrainian).