“WHERE IS THE SNAKES’ HILL?” – A COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF THE CULTURAL CHANGES IN ZMIJARNIK
Keywords:
zmijarnik, place, snake, church
Abstract
This article examines the cultural changes in the development of the so-called Zmijarnik (Snakes’ Hill), located in the village of Orman, near the City of Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. It is based on the ethnographic data collected within different periods, namely in 1937, 1971 and 2014. The ethnographic findings interpret the ways of interacting between the ‘place’ and people, through people’s perceptions, ideas and behaviours related with a given place that were common at one time and their modifications in another time, until today. Additionally, it examines the spatial changes that occurred over time in the respective place, which prompted cultural changes attributed to it. From a place associated with snakes, i.e. their cult, it had been transformed through time and gradually acquired a new form of Christian significance. A comparative account of the successive stages related to this place interprets its status and significance in the people’s perception over time.
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References
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Spirovska, Lepa. 1971. Kultot kon zmiite vo seloto Orman (Skopsko). In:
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Italy: A Contextual Approach to Religious Aspects of Rural Society
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sravnitel’noj karakteristike ženskih mifologičeskih personažej.
Materialy k VI meždunarodnomu kongressu po izučeniju stran
jugovostočnoj Evropy, Sofija, 30. VII.89-6. IX. 89. Moskva: Problemy
kul’tury. 86–114.
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Prilep-Skopje: Institut za staroslovenska kultura and Matica
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Vražinovski, Tanas. 1998. Narodna mitologija na Makedoncite. book 1.
Skopje–Prilep: Institut za staroslovenska kultura-Prilep, Matica
makedonska.
Wang, Shu-Yi. 2008. Tradition, Memory and the Culture of Place:
Continuity and Change in Ancient City of Pingyao, China. ProQuest
LCC.
Žikić, Bojan. 2010. Antropolosko proučavanje popularne culture. U:
Etnoantropoloski problemi 5 (2). Beograd: Filozofski fakultet
Univerziteta u Beogradu, Odeljenje za etnologiju i antropologiju. 17–
39.
Landscapes. In: The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and
Identity. Brian Graham, Peter Howard, eds. London: Ashgate Press.
Alderman, Derek H. 2012. Cultural Change and Diffusion: Geographic
Patterns, Social Processes, and Contact Zones. In 21st century
geography: A reference handbook. Joseph P. Stoltman, ed. Thousand
Oaks. CA: SAGE Publications. 122–134.
Berg, L. Kearns, R. 1996. Naming as Norming: “Race”, Gender, and the
Identity Politics of Naming Places in Aotearoa/New Zeland.
Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14:1, 92-122. Quoted
in Alderman, Derek H. 2008. Place, Naming and Interpretation of
Cultural Landscapes, in: The Ashgate Research Companion to
Heritage and Identity, eds. Brian Graham, Peter Howard. London:
Ashgate Press.
Cameron, Kim. 2008. A Process for Changing Organizational Culture. In:
Handbook of Organizational Development. Thomas G. Cummings, ed.
Thousand Oaks. CA: SAGE Publishing. 429–445.
Cifrić, Ivan. Trako, Tijana. 2010. Društvo i okoliš u vremenskoj perspektivi.
O sociologiji vremena i menadžmentu vremena. IN: Sociologija i
prostor, 48, 186 (1). 19–49.
Conrad, Joseph L. 2001. Male Mythological Beings among the South Slavs.
In: SEEFA Journal, Vol. VI, No. 1. 3–9.
Cresswell, Tim. 2013. Place: A Short Introduction. (First edition 2004).
Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. Available at:
https://books.google.mk/books?id=So2db9PwKBYC&printsec=frontcover#
v=onepage&q&f=false
Čulinović-Konstantinović, Vesna. 1989. Adzajkinja iz Manite Drage. Split:
Logos.
Curtoni, Rafael P. Beróni, Mónica A. 2001. Perception, Identity and
Meaning in the Social and Ritual Construction of Landscape: The
Lihue Calel Hills, La Pampa, Argentina. In: Revista Chilena de
Antropologia, Issue 24. 97–118.
Filipović, Milenko S. 1937. Kult zmija u okolini Skoplja: zmije koje donose
sreću, zdravlje i plodnost. U: Miscellanea 1. Beograd: Biblioteka
Centralnog higijenskog zavoda. 136–149.
Filipović, Milenko S. 1939. Običaji i verovanja u Skopskoj kotlini. Skopski
etnografski zbornik LIV. Beograd: Srpska kraljevska akademija.
Gustafson, P. 2001. Meanings Of Place: Everyday Experience and
Theoretical Explanations. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21,
5-16. Quoted in Wang, Shu-Yi. 2008. Tradition, Memory and the Culture of Place: Continuity and Change in Ancient City of Pingyao,
China. ProQuest LCC.
Hadži Vasiljević, Jovan. 1930. Skoplje i njegova okolina: istoriska,
etnografska i kulturno-politička izlaganja. Beograd: Štamparija “Sveti
Sava”.
Hammersley, Martyn. Atkinson, Pol. 2009. Etnografija, Principi vo
praktika / Ethnography, Principles in Practice, 3th ed. (trans. Tereza
Manevska). Skopje: Nampres.
Jackson, John B. 1984. Discovering the Vernacular Landscape. New
Haven: Yale University Press.
Jansen, Willy. Notermans, Catrien. 2010. From vision to cult site: A
comparative perspective. In: Archives de Sciences Sociales des
Religions, vol. 55, iss. 151. 71–90.
Leader-Elliott, Lyn. Maltby, Richard. Burke, Heather. 2004. Understanding
cultural landscapes–Discussion paper.
http://www.academia.edu/3269041/Understanding_Cultural_Landscapes.
Lilčić, Viktor. 2002. Makedonskiot kamen za bogovite, hristijanite i za život
po životot, Antička kamena plastika vo Republika Makedonija II, docna
antika. Skopje: Makedonska civilizacija.
Lothian, Andrew. 1999. Landscape and the Philosophy of Aesthetics: Is
Landscape Guality inherent in the Landscape or in the Eye of the
Beholder?. Landscape and Urban Planning, 44: 177–198, [11]. Quated
in Dumbović Bilušić, Biserka. 2014. Prilog tumačenju pojma krajolika
kao kulturne kategorije. Sociologija i prostor, 52, 199 (2), 187–205.
Memmott, Paul. Long, Stephen. 2002. Place theory and place maintenance
in Indigenous Australia. In: Urban Policy and Research, Vol. 20 (1).
39–56.
Mitchell, W. J. T. 2002. Imperial Landscape. In: Landscape and Power,
Second Edition. Mitchell, W. J. T., William John and Mitchell
Thomas, ed. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press. 5–34.
Popovska, Dragica. 2011. Makedonskiot kulturen identitet niz narodnite
predanija za svetite kamenja. In: Spektar, XXIX, 57 (1). Skopje:
Institut za makedonska literatura. 119–128.
Popovska, Dragica. 2009. Svetite kamenja vo makedonskata narodna
religija i obredna praksa. Skopje: Selektor.
Popovska, Dragica. 2012. Mistikata na kamenot. Skopje: Institut za
nacionalna istorija.
Popovska, Dragica. 2012a. A Flow of Ideas through Symbolic Images of the
Sacred Stones in Macedonian Folk Tradition. In: Croatian Journal of
Ethnology and Folklore Research Narodna Umjetnost 49 (1). Zagreb:
Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku. 95–111.
Popovska, Dragica. 2014. Macedonian Sacred Stone Sites as Pilgrimage
and Tourist Attraction. In: Pilgrimage and Sacred Places in Southeast Europe: History, Religious Tourism and Contemporary Trends. Mario
Katic, Tomislav Klarin, Mike McDonald, ed. Volume 14 of Studies on
South East Europe. Münster: Lit Verlag. 65–77.
Schubert, Gabriela. 1984. Konac, vrpce i tkanina kao magijska sredstva
narodne medicine u jugoistocnoj Evropi. In: Makedonski folklor, XVII,
33. Skopje: Institut za folklor “Marko Cepenkov”. 135–151.
Spirovska, Lepa. 1971. Kultot kon zmiite vo seloto Orman (Skopsko). In:
Makedonski folklor IV (7–8). Skopje: Institut za folklor “Marko
Cepenkov”. 141–146.
Stek, Tesse Dieder. 2009. Cult Places and Cultural Change in Republican
Italy: A Contextual Approach to Religious Aspects of Rural Society
after the Roman Conquest. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Vinogradova, Ljudmila N. Tolstaja Svetlana M. 1989. Materialy k
sravnitel’noj karakteristike ženskih mifologičeskih personažej.
Materialy k VI meždunarodnomu kongressu po izučeniju stran
jugovostočnoj Evropy, Sofija, 30. VII.89-6. IX. 89. Moskva: Problemy
kul’tury. 86–114.
Vražinovski, Tanas. 2000. Rečnik na narodnata mitologija na Makedoncite.
Prilep-Skopje: Institut za staroslovenska kultura and Matica
makedonska.
Vražinovski, Tanas. 1998. Narodna mitologija na Makedoncite. book 1.
Skopje–Prilep: Institut za staroslovenska kultura-Prilep, Matica
makedonska.
Wang, Shu-Yi. 2008. Tradition, Memory and the Culture of Place:
Continuity and Change in Ancient City of Pingyao, China. ProQuest
LCC.
Žikić, Bojan. 2010. Antropolosko proučavanje popularne culture. U:
Etnoantropoloski problemi 5 (2). Beograd: Filozofski fakultet
Univerziteta u Beogradu, Odeljenje za etnologiju i antropologiju. 17–
39.
Published
2019-10-16
How to Cite
Popovska, D. (2019). “WHERE IS THE SNAKES’ HILL?” – A COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF THE CULTURAL CHANGES IN ZMIJARNIK. Philological Studies, 15(1), 178-199. Retrieved from http://194.149.137.236/index.php/philologicalstudies/article/view/246
Section
Contemporary Society In Culture, Language, And Literature
Philological studies © 2019. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License
